APUSH Unit 2
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APUSH Unit 2
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This flashcard set explores the early European exploration and colonization of North America, focusing on various significant events, economic theories, and cultural movements from 1491 to 1775. Learners will study topics such as mercantilism, the impact of the Great Awakening, key colonial figures, and the dynamics of conflicts between settlers and Native Americans. The set emphasizes the development of different colonies, the role of immigrants, and the evolution of social structures within colonial society.
Card 1
What was the period from 1491 to 1607 characterized by?
European exploration dominated by the Spanish.
Card 2
What economic situation faced England in the early 1600s?
England's population was growing faster than its economy, increasing the number of poor and landless families who sought opportunities in the Americas.
Card 3
Who were the Separatists in Plymouth Colony?
Separatists were radical dissenters wanting a separate church free of royal control.
Card 4
What was Pennsylvania known as under William Penn?
Penn's woods.
Card 5
What is mercantilism?
An economic theory that a country's wealth is based on more exports than imports.
Card 6
What caused Metacom's War?
Metacom's War was caused by English settlers encroaching on Native American lands.
Card 7
What was the Headright System in Virginia?
The Headright System offered 50 acres of land to immigrants who paid their passage or to plantation owners who paid for immigrants' passages.
Card 8
What were the main southern colonies by 1775?
Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia.
Card 9
Who was George Whitefield and what was his influence?
George Whitefield spread the Great Awakening by attracting large audiences and teaching that salvation required professing belief in Jesus. He emphasized that people could understand the gospels witho
Card 10
What was the purpose of William Penn's Plan of Union in 1697?
To make the English colonies more useful to the crown and ensure peace and safety among them.
Card 11
Who dominated the early European exploration of the Americas?
The Spanish.
Card 12
How did joint-stock companies aid English colonization?
Joint-stock companies financed the risky enterprise of colonization by pooling resources from investors.
Card 13
Why did the Pilgrims leave Holland?
Economic hardship and cultural differences with the Dutch led to their departure.
Card 14
Who were the Quakers and what did they believe?
The Quakers, or the Religious Society of Friends, believed in internal religious authority and equality, rejecting violence and military service.
Card 15
Why did European kingdoms believe in mercantilism?
They believed it would increase national wealth and power.
Card 16
Who was Metacom?
Metacom was the chief of the Wampanoag and known as King Philip by the colonists.
Card 17
When did the first Black Africans arrive in Virginia?
The first Black Africans arrived in Virginia in 1619.
Card 18
Why did few settlers head to New England?
Land was limited and Puritans dominated.
Card 19
What was the religious impact of the Great Awakening?
The Great Awakening increased emotionalism in services, led to splits between denominations, and decreased ministers' authority. It led to calls for stricter separation of church and state.
Card 20
Which colonies were included in William Penn's Plan of Union?
Boston, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jerseys, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and Carolinas.
Card 21
Which countries established colonies in North America by 1754?
The Spanish, French, Dutch, and British.
Card 22
What was unique about English settlers compared to other Europeans?
English settlers included more families and single females, and were more interested in farming.
Card 23
What ship did the Pilgrims sail on in 1620?
The Mayflower.
Card 24
What were the goals of William Penn's colony?
To provide a refuge for Quakers and other persecuted people and generate income.
Card 25
What was the role of colonies in a mercantilist system?
To enrich the parent country by providing raw materials.
Card 26
What was the outcome of Metacom's War?
The war ended with the colonists prevailing, killing Metacom, and ending major Native resistance.
Card 27
How did the institution of slavery change by the end of the 1660s?
Initially, Africans in Virginia were not in life bondage, but by the 1660s, laws ensured their permanent bondage.
Card 28
Where did Germans primarily settle?
Pennsylvania Dutch country, west of Philadelphia.
Card 29
How did the Great Awakening affect political thought?
The Great Awakening introduced the idea that people could make their own religious and, eventually, political decisions without higher authority.
Card 30
What frequency of meetings did William Penn's Plan of Union propose?
At least once every two years in times of peace.
Card 31
How many British colonies were established along the Atlantic coast?
Thirteen colonies.
Card 32
Why did English settlers claim American Indian land?
Many English settlers came with families interested in farming, leading them to claim land for settlement.
Card 33
Where did the Pilgrims establish their colony in America?
They established their colony in Plymouth, Massachusetts.
Card 34
How did William Penn govern his colony?
He enacted liberal ideas, like a representative assembly and freedom of worship.
Card 35
Which countries initially followed mercantilist policies?
Spanish and French rulers.
Card 36
Why did some tribes support the colonists in Metacom's War?
Some tribes supported the colonists due to a rivalry with the Wampanoag.
Card 37
Why did slavery expand in the British colonies?
Slavery expanded due to reduced migration, a dependable workforce, and the need for low-cost labor for cash crops.
Card 38
What religious groups did Germans belong to in the colonies?
Lutherans, Amish, Brethren, or Mennonites.
Card 39
What architectural styles became popular in the colonies?
Colonists adopted the Georgian style in architecture, found in houses, churches, and public buildings, especially along the eastern seaboard.
Card 40
How many representatives were suggested for each province in Penn's Plan?
Two persons from each province as their representatives or deputies.
Card 41
What evolved in the British colonies from 1607 to 1756?
They evolved from struggling settlements to organized societies.
Card 42
What motivated European settlers from 1607 to 1754?
Settlers migrated for better lives or religious freedom.
Card 43
What hardships did the Plymouth settlers face initially?
They faced a harsh first winter with heavy losses.
Card 44
How did William Penn attract settlers to Pennsylvania?
By promising political and religious freedom and generous land terms.
Card 45
When did England start applying mercantilist policies?
After the end of the English Civil War in 1651.
Card 46
What role did Sir William Berkeley play in Virginia?
Berkeley was the royal governor of Virginia who governed for the large planters.
Card 47
What was the impact of the triangular trade?
The triangular trade was active, profitable, and ruthless, linking America to the Atlantic slave trade.
Card 48
What percentage of the colonial population was German by 1775?
6 percent.
Card 49
Who were prominent American artists before the Revolution?
Benjamin West and John Copley were two American artists who became prominent in England before the Revolution.
Card 50
What was the role of the congress in Penn's Plan of Union?
To resolve complaints between provinces and support union and safety against enemies.
Card 51
Why did early European settlers want to dominate Native Americans?
To implement their own cultures, economic plans, and governance.
Card 52
What factors contributed to the wealth of Virginia as described by John Pory?
Tobacco farming and the use of servants contributed to Virginia's wealth.
Card 53
Who were the leaders in the Plymouth Colony?
Captain Miles Standish and Governor William Bradford were leaders.
Card 54
When did Delaware become a separate colony?
In 1702, Delaware was granted its own assembly, becoming a separate colony in practice.
Card 55
What were the Navigation Acts?
Rules implemented by England to enforce a mercantilist policy.
Card 56
Who led Bacon's Rebellion?
Nathaniel Bacon, an impoverished gentleman farmer, led the rebellion.
Card 57
What were the slave laws in the British colonies?
Slave laws ensured that slaves were held in bondage for life and that slave status was inherited.
Card 58
Who were the Scotch-Irish and what was their background?
Protestants from northern Ireland with Scottish ancestry.
Card 59
Which authors were influential in colonial literature?
Cotton Mather and Jonathan Edwards wrote on religion, while John Adams, Thomas Paine, and others wrote on politics. Benjamin Franklin was a popular writer.
Card 60
What did the Albany Plan of Union propose in 1754?
A general government including all colonies, retaining their constitutions except where directed by the act.
Card 61
Who were the earliest Europeans to settle in Central and South America?
The Spanish and Portuguese.
Card 62
What was Virginia's principal wealth according to John Pory?
Virginia's principal wealth consisted of servants who were needed despite high initial costs.
Card 63
How did the economy of Plymouth develop?
The economy was based on fish, furs, and lumber.
Card 64
Why was Georgia established as a colony?
To create a defensive buffer against Spanish Florida and as a place for debtors to start anew.
Card 65
What was one rule from the Navigation Acts?
Trade could be conducted only with English or colonial ships and crews.
Card 66
What triggered Bacon's Rebellion?
Bacon's Rebellion was sparked by grievances of western farmers against Berkeley's government.
Card 67
How did enslaved Africans resist slavery?
Africans resisted slavery through maintaining family ties, cultural practices, and actions like hunger strikes and fleeing.
Card 68
Where did the Scotch-Irish mostly settle?
Frontier in western Pennsylvania, Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia.
Card 69
What was Benjamin Franklin's contribution to literature?
Franklin published 'Poor Richards Almanack', a best-seller with witty aphorisms and advice.
Card 70
Who was to administer the general government in the Albany Plan?
A President-General appointed by the crown and a Grand Council chosen by colonial representatives.
Card 71
What were the first two successful British colonies along the Atlantic coast?
Jamestown and Plymouth.
Card 72
What role did servants play in early Virginia?
Servants were considered wealth due to their labor contributions, though they posed initial costs for weapons, apparel, and transport.
Card 73
Who were the Puritans?
Puritans were moderate dissenters who sought to reform the Church of England.
Card 74
Who founded Savannah and when?
James Oglethorpe founded Savannah in 1733.
Card 75
What goods had to pass through English ports under the Navigation Acts?
All goods except perishables had to pass through ports in England.
Card 76
What was Nathaniel Bacon's action against American Indian villages?
Bacon conducted raids and massacres against American Indian villages.
Card 77
What impact did population growth have on the colonies between 1701 and 1775?
From 1701 to 1775, population growth resulted from immigration and a high birthrate, leading to 2.5 million people.
Card 78
What percentage of the population was Scotch-Irish by 1775?
7 percent.
Card 79
Who was Phillis Wheatley and why was she notable?
Phillis Wheatley was an enslaved African who published poetry in 1773, noted for her literary quality and triumph over slavery.
Card 80
What powers were given to the general government in the Albany Plan?
To make laws and levy taxes, duties, or imposts deemed equal and just.
Card 81
What products were important in transatlantic trade?
Tobacco, timber, and rice.
Card 82
How did English colonies' charters affect their operations?
Each colonys charter from the monarch described privileges, affecting its autonomy and relationship with the crown.
Card 83
What was the Great Migration?
It was the mass migration of Puritans to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the 1630s.
Card 84
What regulations did Oglethorpe introduce in Georgia?
Bans on drinking rum and slavery were introduced.
Card 85
What are enumerated goods?
Goods from colonies that could only be exported to England, like tobacco.
Card 86
What happened to Bacon's Rebellion after Bacon's death?
After Bacon's death from dysentery, the rebellion collapsed, and the government executed 23 rebels.
Card 87
Why did European immigrants come to the American colonies?
Immigrants came for economic opportunities and to escape religious persecution and wars.
Card 88
Which European groups made up 5% of the population?
French Protestants, Dutch, and Swedes.
Card 89
How were scientists like John Bartram and Benjamin Franklin regarded?
John Bartram and Benjamin Franklin were self-taught scientists, with Franklin gaining fame for his electrical work and inventions.
Card 90
What responsibilities did the Albany Plan assign regarding defense?
To raise and pay soldiers and build forts for defense of the colonies.
Card 91
Why did British colonies resist trade control in the mid-1700s?
Due to increasing control by Great Britain.
Card 92
What are corporate colonies?
Corporate colonies were operated by joint-stock companies initially, like Jamestown.
Card 93
What were the New England settlements like?
New England settlements were small towns and farms relying on commerce and agriculture.
Card 94
What changes occurred in Georgia by 1752?
It became a royal colony with reintroduced rum and slavery.
Card 95
How did the Navigation Acts impact New England shipbuilding?
It aided New England shipbuilding.
Card 96
What long-lasting disputes did Bacon's Rebellion highlight?
It highlighted class differences, frontier conflicts, and colonial resistance to royal control.
Card 97
What was the population of the English colonies by 1775?
By 1775, the population of the English colonies was 2.5 million people.
Card 98
How did enslaved Africans arrive in the American colonies?
By being taken captive and sold as enslaved laborers.
Card 99
What characterized elementary education in the New England colonies?
The Puritans emphasized Bible reading, resulting in tax-supported schools; Massachusetts required towns to establish primary schools for boys.
Card 100
What was Ben Franklin's opinion on colonial union with Great Britain in 1754?
Franklin thought a union with Great Britain would be acceptable with adequate representation in Parliament.
Card 101
How did colonists view Native Americans during early trade?
As inferiors to be used or moved aside.
Card 102
What defines royal colonies?
Royal colonies were directly controlled by the king's government, like Virginia after 1624.
Card 103
Who founded Maryland and why?
Maryland was founded by Lord Baltimore as a haven for persecuted Catholics.
Card 104
What was the first representative assembly in America?
The House of Burgesses.
Card 105
How did tobacco benefit from the Navigation Acts?
Chesapeake tobacco was given a monopoly in England.
Card 106
What led to the Pueblo Revolt of 1680?
The Pueblo Revolt was sparked by Spanish policies and harsh religious conversions.
Card 107
Who were the Scotch-Irish and where did they settle?
Scotch-Irish were Protestants from northern Ireland who settled along the frontier.
Card 108
What roles did enslaved Africans commonly have?
Field laborers, as well as laborers, bricklayers, or blacksmiths.
Card 109
How did higher education develop in the colonies?
Colonial colleges were initially sectarian, such as Harvard for Puritans, with the College of Philadelphia as the first nonsectarian school founded in 1765.
Card 110
Under what condition did Franklin find the union acceptable?
If colonies had a reasonable number of representatives in Parliament and old acts restricting trade were repealed.
Card 111
Who fought wars over land control in North America?
The British and the French.
Card 112
What characterizes proprietary colonies?
Proprietary colonies were under individual authority granted by the king, like Maryland and Pennsylvania.
Card 113
What was the Act of Toleration of 1649?
The Act of Toleration granted religious freedom to all Christians, but punished non-Christians.
Card 114
What was the Mayflower Compact?
A document pledging decisions by majority will, an early self-government form.
Card 115
What was a negative impact of the Navigation Acts on the colonies?
It limited colonial economic development.
Card 116
What was the aftermath of the Pueblo Revolt?
The Spanish regained control and ruled less harshly, finding stability.
Card 117
Where did most enslaved Africans in the colonies live by 1775?
By 1775, most enslaved Africans lived in the southern colonies, with many in South Carolina and Georgia.
Card 118
What percentage of the colonial population were African Americans by 1775?
20 percent.
Card 119
What role did ministers play in colonial society?
Ministers were highly respected and often the most educated individuals in their communities.
Card 120
What did Franklin hope would result from the union with Britain?
That both British and colonial people would see themselves as one community, strengthening unity and reducing future separation risks.
Card 121
Why did early European attempts to enslave Native Americans fail?
Native Americans could escape easily.
Card 122
What tradition did English colonists bring to America?
English colonists valued representative government with elections and property owner participation.
Card 123
What was the outcome of the Protestant Revolt in Maryland?
Protestants repealed the Act of Toleration, stripping Catholics of voting rights.
Card 124
Who could vote in the Massachusetts Bay Colony?
Freemen, male members of the Puritan Church, could vote.
Card 125
Why did prices for tobacco fall in the 1660s?
Overproduction led to low tobacco prices.
Card 126
How did the encomienda system affect Native Americans?
It forced Native Americans to labor for Spanish settlers.
Card 127
What was the status of free Africans in the colonies?
Free Africans obtained freedom through emancipation or purchase but faced discriminatory laws.
Card 128
Where did most enslaved people live, and which colonies had the majority?
Southern colonies, majority in South Carolina and Georgia.
Card 129
How were physicians trained in colonial America?
Training was through apprenticeships to experienced physicians; the first medical college was established in 1765.
Card 130
What was the role of indentured servants in the colonies?
They worked for masters for a set number of years.
Card 131
Why did political and religious conflicts raise independence feelings in colonies?
Conflicts in England led settlers to desire more autonomy and independence in governance.
Card 132
What did dissidents from Massachusetts Bay do?
They were often banished and formed new settlements like Rhode Island and Connecticut.
Card 133
What were the limits to colonial democracy?
Only male property owners participated; females, landless males, and indentured servants had few to no rights.
Card 134
How did Virginians attempt to counter low tobacco prices?
By attempting to raise tobacco prices, which led to a backlash from London merchants.
Card 135
What was Spain's religious policy towards Native Americans?
Spain used aggressive methods to convert Native Americans to Christianity.
Card 136
How did colonial population growth affect American Indians?
Population growth led to conflicts, but some American Indians formed alliances for protection.
Card 137
How did some Africans gain freedom in the colonies?
Emancipation by owners or purchasing freedom.
Card 138
Why did lawyers gain respect in the 1760s and 1770s?
Lawyers gained respect by defending colonial rights, influencing the American Revolution's intellectual foundations.
Card 139
What change in labor source did the British colonies make?
They imported enslaved Africans.
Card 140
Who chartered the Virginia Company?
King James I chartered the Virginia Company, leading to the founding of Jamestown.
Card 141
Who founded Providence and why?
Roger Williams founded Providence to escape Puritan authority.
Card 142
What was the Maryland Act of Toleration?
A 1649 document protecting Christians from persecution.
Card 143
What was an effect of ongoing trade with American Indians?
Cultural exchanges occurred, such as intermarriage and religious conversion.
Card 144
What was Kercheval's perspective on Bacon and his followers?
Kercheval viewed them as frustrated men taking action due to government inaction.
Card 145
What role did the Powhaten Confederation play in Virginia?
The Powhaten Confederation in Virginia protected their land against settlers.
Card 146
What conflicts arose due to colonial population growth?
Conflicts with American Indians over land.
Card 147
How did newspapers contribute to colonial society?
By 1776, there were over 40 weekly newspapers providing news, advertisements, and essays.
Card 148
economic change in colonial Boston. According to this view
a fundamental
Card 149
5. In the 13 colonies
owning land was the likeliest way to become wealthy.
Card 150
What led to the development of societies in the 13 colonies?
The importation of British people and families.
Card 151
What early problems did Jamestown face?
Jamestown settlers faced disease outbreaks and food shortages due to poor preparation and location.
Card 152
What unique policies did Rhode Island have?
Rhode Island allowed religious freedom and recognized American Indians' land rights.
Card 153
Who did the Maryland Act of Toleration aim to protect?
Roman Catholics from Protestant settlers' threats.
Card 154
How did salutary neglect affect enforcement of trade laws?
England was lax in enforcing regulations, allowing for colonial trade evasion.
Card 155
Who initiated Bacon's Rebellion and why?
Farmers felt threatened by American Indian conflicts and government inaction.
Card 156
Who were the German settlers in the American colonies?
German settlers, mainly Protestants, maintained their language and customs, settling in Pennsylvania.
Card 157
How did some American Indians form alliances?
Forming confederations like Powhaten and Iroquois.
Card 158
What was the significance of the Zenger case?
The Zenger case of 1735 encouraged freedom of the press, as a jury acquitted Zenger for criticizing a governor truthfully.
Card 159
When was the first elected legislature established in the English colonies?
In 1619 by Jamestown settlers.
Card 160
How did Captain John Smith contribute to Jamestown's survival?
Captain John Smith provided leadership and strategies that helped Jamestown survive its early years.
Card 161
Who was Anne Hutchinson and what did she do?
Anne Hutchinson founded Portsmouth and later moved to Long Island.
Card 162
What was the end goal of transatlantic trade?
To increase European nations' power.
Card 163
What geographical factor made trade enforcement challenging for England?
The Atlantic Ocean separated Britain from the colonies.
Card 164
Who opposed Bacon's Rebellion?
The governor of Virginia opposed the Rebellion.
Card 165
How did the institution of slavery evolve by the early 18th century?
By the early 18th century, enslaved people and laws controlling them expanded in all colonies.
Card 166
Where were some peaceful relations between American Indians and settlers found?
In Pennsylvania through treaties rather than violence.
Card 167
What was the Enlightenment and how did it influence American thought?
The Enlightenment was a movement emphasizing reason over tradition; it influenced American philosophy and politics.
Card 168
What marks Native American resistance to colonization in 1676?
King Philip's War.
Card 169
What agricultural development aided Jamestown's prosperity?
John Rolfe and Pocahontas helped develop a tobacco variety that became economically successful.
Card 170
What were the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut?
The Fundamental Orders were the first written constitution in America, establishing a representative government.
Card 171
What was the triangular trade route?
A three-part route connecting North America, Africa, and Europe in trade.
Card 172
What internal events distracted England from enforcing trade regulations?
The English Civil War, a revolution, and wars with France.
Card 173
How did Jonas Michaelius view Native Americans?
Michaelius described Native Americans as savage and wicked.
Card 174
What led to fewer European immigrants during the colonial period?
Increased wages in England led to reduced immigration to colonies.
Card 175
What shared characteristics did the 13 colonies have?
English origin, language, and tradition influenced by diverse immigrants.
Card 176
Who was John Locke and what were his ideas?
John Locke was a philosopher who argued for natural rights and that sovereignty resided with the people, influencing American revolutionary thoughts.
Card 177
What war began in 1754 involving European powers?
The Seven Years War or French and Indian War.
Card 178
What was the headright system?
The headright system offered 50 acres of land to settlers or those sponsoring immigrants.
Card 179
How did New Haven become part of Connecticut?
Hartford and New Haven combined into Connecticut under a royal charter in 1665.
Card 180
What occurred during the Middle Passage?
Transport of enslaved Africans, often with high mortality rates.
Card 181
What was the Dominion of New England?
A consolidation of northeastern colonies under royal rule.
Card 182
How did John Eliot view converting Native Americans?
Eliot believed God would awaken Native Americans through their own people.
Card 183
How did the West Indian sugar islands factor into American slavery?
The West Indian sugar islands had the highest number of enslaved people, as 95% of enslaved Africans were sent there.
Card 184
What type of liberty did the colonies offer compared to Europe?
More self-determination in religion and economy.
Card 185
How did the colonies reflect both English and unique American traits?
Colonies shared English language, religion, and political traditions, but developed unique cultural traits and a self-governing identity.
Card 186
Why did Europeans migrate to the Americas in the 17th century?
For wealth, religious spread, and escaping persecution.
Card 187
Who benefited most from the headright system?
Landowners, by sponsoring indentured servants, benefited most from the headright system.
Card 188
Why was New Hampshire made a royal colony?
King Charles II separated New Hampshire from Massachusetts Bay for more control.
Card 189
What role did the Royal African Company have in the slave trade?
It initially monopolized English trade in enslaved Africans.
Card 190
Who was Sir Edmund Andros?
The unpopular governor of the Dominion of New England appointed by James II.
Card 191
What were the causes of slavery in British colonies?
Slavery was caused by labor demand in agriculture and a shortage of servants.
Card 192
What were some ways enslaved Africans maintained their culture?
Enslaved Africans maintained culture through songs, storytelling, and religious practices.
Card 193
How did religious toleration vary in the colonies?
Varied, with Massachusetts as most restrictive and Pennsylvania as most open.
Card 194
What factors contributed to the development of a colonial identity?
Colonial identity emerged from European motives, English political heritage, and diverse populations, creating a distinct American culture.
Card 195
What motivated Spanish colonization efforts?
Wealth, missionary zeal, and countering Protestantism.
Card 196
What labor shift occurred by the end of the 17th century in Virginia?
There was a shift from using indentured servants to enslaved Africans for labor in Virginia.
Card 197
What was the Halfway Covenant?
It allowed partial church membership without a full conversion experience.
Card 198
What led to New England merchants entering the slave trade?
The inability of the RAC to meet demand led to the end of its monopoly.
Card 199
What led to the dissolution of the Dominion of New England?
The Glorious Revolution led to the end of James II's rule and the Dominion.
Card 200
What was the impact of the transatlantic slave trade?
It was significant to the economy and involved Northern colonies.
Card 201
Why did slavery provide a dependable workforce for plantation owners?
Slavery ensured a stable labor force controllable by plantation owners, especially after Bacon's Rebellion.
Card 202
What was the class structure like in the colonies?
A narrower class system based on economics.
Card 203
What caused mistrust between the colonies and Great Britain?
Differences in expansion desires, governance, and diversity led to tensions between the colonies and Britain.
Card 204
What was Florida's significance to Spanish colonization?
Claimed by Juan Ponce de Leon and settled in 1565 at St. Augustine.
Card 205
Why did Virginia transition to a royal colony?
The Virginia Company faced bankruptcy and high mortality, prompting the king to take direct control, making it a royal colony.
Card 206
What were the Restoration Colonies?
Restoration Colonies were founded after the English monarchy was restored in 1660.
Card 207
What was the Charter of Liberties?
A 1701 document guaranteeing freedom of worship and unrestricted immigration.
Card 208
What were the longer-term effects of mercantilist policies after the Glorious Revolution?
Mercantilist policies continued but were ineffectively enforced, leading to friction.
Card 209
Why were indentured servants used in early Virginia?
The Virginia Company used them due to a lack of funds for enslaved Africans.
Card 210
What legal change occurred in Virginia regarding slavery in 1661?
In 1661, Virginia legislated that children inherited their mother's enslaved status for life.
Card 211
What was the opportunity for social mobility in the colonies?
White residents could improve living standards and status.
Card 212
What were the common features of colonial government systems?
Colonial governments had a governor and a bicameral legislature, with assemblies elected by property-owning males, affecting tax decisions.
Card 213
When did the Spanish establish Santa Fe in New Mexico?
1610.
Card 214
What distinguished Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay settlers?
The settlers had religious motivations and sought economic opportunities beyond wealth.
Card 215
How were South Carolina's plantations distinct?
South Carolina's plantations were large, rice-growing, and dependent on enslaved Africans.
Card 216
Who was James Oglethorpe?
He was the founder and first governor of Georgia.
Card 217
Why did New Englanders resent trade regulations imposed by London?
They resented perceived overreach and trade restrictions.
Card 218
What were the conditions for indentured servants?
Servants worked under strict conditions for 4-7 years in exchange for passage.
Card 219
Which colony first recognized the enslavement of 'lawful' captives?
Massachusetts was the first colony to recognize enslavement in 1641.
Card 220
What was the center of colonial life?
The family.
Card 221
How did local government function in New England and the southern colonies?
New England had town meetings for direct votes, while the southern colonies relied on county officials due to dispersed populations.
Card 222
Why did Texas grow in the early 1700s?
Spanish resistance to French exploration of the Mississippi.
Card 223
What religious motivation influenced settlers of Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay?
Unlike other settlers, they sought religious freedom and dissented from the Anglican Church.
Card 224
What characterized North Carolina's development?
North Carolina had small, self-sufficient tobacco farms with little reliance on slavery.
Card 225
What was the purpose of the Frame of Government (16821683)?
To ensure a representative assembly and written constitution.
Card 226
What was the Molasses Act of 1733?
An act imposing duties on rum and spirits not in British possessions.
Card 227
What was the economic significance of tobacco in colonies?
Tobacco demand in Europe created profit opportunities for landowners.
Card 228
What was the result of reduced migration from England?
Reduced migration from England was due to increased wages there.
Card 229
What rights did colonial men generally have?
Owning property and participating in politics.
Card 230
Who was eligible to vote in the colonies?
Voting was limited to white male property owners, excluding women, poor males, and slaves.
Card 231
What prompted Spanish missions in California in 1769?
Russian exploration of Alaska and a settlement at San Diego.
Card 232
Why did the Church of England face dissent?
Dissenters wanted a complete break from Roman Catholic practices which the Church of England retained.
Card 233
What were the Middle Colonies known for?
The Middle Colonies had fertile land, diverse European immigrants, and religious tolerance.
Card 234
How did early self-rule manifest in Virginia?
Through the 1619 establishment of the House of Burgesses.
Card 235
How did colonists typically respond to the Molasses Act?
Increased smuggling by New England merchants.
Card 236
How did Spanish rule change after reclaiming control in 1692?
Spanish rule became less harsh, leading to greater stability.
Card 237
Who were other European groups migrating to the American colonies?
French Protestants, Dutch, and Swedes made up 5% of the colonial population.
Card 238
What was the average number of children a colonial woman had?
Eight children.
Card 239
Who founded the first French settlement in America?
Samuel de Champlain in 1608.
Card 240
What was King James I's response to religious dissenters?
King James I viewed them as threats and sought to suppress them through arrest and imprisonment.
Card 241
How did New York become an English colony?
New York became English after the Dutch surrendered it to the English in 1664.
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How did the New England colonies practice self-governance?
Through town meetings and elected colonial legislatures.
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What is triangular trade?
A system of trade among three regions: colonies, Europe, and Africa.
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How did Bacon's followers justify their actions?
They claimed to act in defense against Indian attacks due to government inaction.
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What was the significance of Bacon's Rebellion in the context of slavery?
Bacon's Rebellion highlighted the instability from small farmers and indentured servants, prompting reliance on slavery.
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What tasks did colonial women typically perform?
Cooking, cleaning, educating, and often working in shops or farms.
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What was the economic basis for French colonies?
The fur trade with American Indians.
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What was the significance of New York's 1683 assembly?
It granted basic civil rights and established a representative assembly.
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What tensions existed with democratic practices in colonies?
Exclusion of non-property owners and the authoritarian rule of governors.
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What is one benefit the colonies received from British mercantilism?
New England shipbuilding was supported.
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What challenges did early Virginia colonists face in labor?
Labor shortages were due to high death rates and battles with Native Americans.
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What was William Penn's approach to land treaties?
William Penn obtained land through treaties, maintaining peace with Native Americans.
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Was divorce common in the colonies?
Rare.
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What was the significance of New Orleans for the French?
It became a prosperous trade center on the Mississippi River.
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How was New Jersey initially divided?
New Jersey was divided into East and West by Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret.
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Who were Rhode Island's founders and key principles?
Founded by Roger Williams, it emphasized religious freedom and separation from Puritan persecution.
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What is one disadvantage the colonies faced under British mercantilism?
Colonies could only trade with England, limiting market competition.
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What types of labor systems existed in the British colonies?
Indentured servitude and slavery were the main labor systems.
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How did Virginia and Maryland differ in their slave laws by the 1660s?
Virginia enacted lifelong bondage laws, while Maryland declared baptism didn't affect enslaved status.
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What was Britain's share of world trade with its colonies by the 1750s?
Half.
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What was Henry Hudson's contribution to Dutch exploration?
He explored the Hudson River in 1609, claiming it for the Dutch.
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What led to New Jersey becoming a royal colony?
Confusion over land titles prompted the crown to unite the Jerseys as a royal colony in 1702.
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What motivated Francis Calvert, Lord Baltimore, to support religious toleration?
To protect Roman Catholics.
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What is one action colonists took in response to British mercantilism?
Colonists engaged in smuggling and ignored trade laws.
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What was Phillis Wheatley's view on freedom?
Phillis Wheatley expressed a God-given love of freedom.
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What was the Mennonite Community's stance on slavery in 1688?
In 1688, the Mennonite Community condemned slavery, arguing against racial discrimination.
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How did Britain limit colonial manufacturing?
By restricting production like textiles.
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How did the Dutch West India Company impact colonization?
It controlled the region for economic gain through trade.
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What were the driving forces behind colonial transatlantic trade?
Economic power increase for European nations and profitability for traders.
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How did Europeans view American Indians?
As potential allies or laborers, but generally inferior.
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What was the main reason English settlers continued moving to colonies?
English settlers moved to colonies, seeking economic opportunities despite domestic improvements.
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What were the main economic activities in New England?
Logging, shipbuilding, fishing, trading, and rum-distilling.
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Why were rivers important to French colonies?
The French colonies relied heavily on trade via rivers.
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What alliances did Native Americans form in response to European colonization?
Tribes allied with Europeans to resist other tribes or Europeans.
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Why did the middle colonies attract more immigrants?
The middle colonies offered economic opportunities and religious tolerance, attracting more immigrants.
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What crops were abundant in the Middle Colonies?
Wheat and corn.
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What differentiated Dutch colonies from French ones?
Dutch colonies had more coastal and river trading posts.
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What was the New England Confederation?
A military alliance of four New England colonies.
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What was Jonathan Edwards' view on events in history?
Jonathan Edwards believed events had causes, influencing perspectives on divine will and history.
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What was the typical size of plantations in the Southern Colonies?
More than 2,000 acres.
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What was the role of the Dutch in North American trade?
They established strong trade networks without large settlements.
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Why was the New England Confederation formed?
For mutual protection against Native Americans and European threats.
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What was the relationship between racism and slavery in colonial society?
Racism became integral to slavery, creating a system of racial inferiority among whites.
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What products were primarily produced in Southern Colonies?
Tobacco, rice, indigo, timber, and naval stores.
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Why did European settlers have conflicts over resources?
Competition among Europeans and Native Americans for resources.
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How long did the New England Confederation last?
It lasted until 1684 when English control was reinstated.
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How did colonial laws affect the family ties of enslaved people?
Colonial laws frequently separated enslaved families, selling spouses and children.
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How did the British control the colonial economy through currency?
By limiting use of money and issuing paper currency.
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How did American Indians contribute to French trading success?
They married and acted as guides and translators.
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What precedent did the New England Confederation establish?
Unified action among colonies for common purposes.
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What efforts did Africans make to escape enslavement?
Africans attempted escape, though risks included harsh punishment.
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What was the main mode of transporting goods and people in the colonies?
Water transport via harbors and rivers.
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What did Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet explore?
The upper Mississippi River.
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What was the role of music and storytelling for enslaved people?
Music and storytelling helped enslaved people preserve traditions and cultural identity.
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What were the main religious groups in New England?
Congregationalists (Puritans) or Presbyterians.
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How were Spanish and French colonies similar in terms of population?
They mainly consisted of men involved in trade or missions.
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What was the demographic composition of the colonial population by 1775?
By 1775, the colonial population was diverse, with Europeans, Africans, and American Indians.
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Which religious group was dominant in the southern colonies?
Anglicans.
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What lasting impact did migration have on the Americas?
It helped form a unique society of different peoples.
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What were the economic roles of enslaved Africans in the colonies?
Enslaved Africans worked in various roles, primarily as field laborers on plantations.
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What was the Great Awakening?
A movement of fervent religious expressions in the 1730s and 1740s.
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How did European views impact the support for slavery in the colonies?
European opposition to slavery stemmed from moral and religious beliefs.
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Who was Jonathan Edwards?
A Congregational minister known for the Great Awakening sermons.
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What was the significance of the Iroquois Confederation?
The Iroquois Confederation was a powerful alliance protecting land and interests against settlers.
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What was the content of Jonathan Edwards' famous sermon?
"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" about sin and damnation.
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How did Pennsylvania maintain peace with Native Americans?
Pennsylvania maintained peace through treaties, avoiding violence with Native Americans.