APUSH Unit 5
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APUSH Unit 5
Study 484 flashcards by PlueyBluey. Use the interactive review above or scan this static preview for quick reference.
This flashcard set covers key events, movements, and figures in U.S. history from the Aroostook War to the Reconstruction era. Learners will explore topics such as the impact of Manifest Destiny, the dynamics of the Civil War, and the political shifts surrounding slavery and immigration. The set includes specific questions about significant legislation, key battles, and the experiences of various immigrant groups, providing a comprehensive overview of 19th-century America.
Card 1
What was the Aroostook War?
A conflict between lumber workers on the Maine-Canadian border.
Card 2
What caused the whaling boom between 1830 and 1860?
The demand for whale oil by middle-class Americans.
Card 3
What renewed the sectional debate over slavery during the Mexican-American War?
It renewed questions about the extension of slavery into new territories.
Card 4
What was the Free-Soil Party's main objective?
Preventing the extension of slavery into territories.
Card 5
What skills did the Irish bring to America?
The Irish spoke English well and understood electoral politics.
Card 6
What did George Fitzhugh believe about wage workers and slaves?
He viewed wage workers as worse off than slaves and criticized equal rights for 'unequal men.'
Card 7
What tensions led to the birth of the Republican Party?
Tensions over slavery divided Democrats and broke apart the Whig Party.
Card 8
What was the main issue threatening compromise in the U.S. before the Civil War?
The North's increasing power, which endangered slavery.
Card 9
What was Lincoln's position on the Missouri Compromise line?
He opposed it as it violated the Republican position against slavery's extension.
Card 10
What was the costliest American war in terms of human life?
The Civil War between the Union and the Confederacy.
Card 11
Who was Ulysses S. Grant?
A West Point graduate who captured significant Confederate forts.
Card 12
What discouraged Britain from recognizing the Confederacy?
Opposition to slavery among the British working class discouraged it.
Card 13
What was the Unionist Party's strategy during the election?
To attract War Democrats who disagreed with the Democratic platform.
Card 14
What hopes did freedwomen have after the Civil War?
Independence and equal rights.
Card 15
What was the significance of the Fourteenth Amendment?
It declared citizenship for those born or naturalized in the U.S. and extended rights protections.
Card 16
What was the percentage of African American children enrolled in school by 1880?
34%
Card 17
What were some accomplishments of Republican legislators during Reconstruction?
Republican legislators liberalized constitutions, provided universal suffrage, property rights, debt relief, infrastructure, and public-school systems.
Card 18
What impact did the Panic of 1873 have on the Democratic Party's power in the South?
It contributed to the Democratic Party regaining political power.
Card 19
What was the impact of Manifest Destiny on territorial expansion between 1844 and 1877?
Manifest Destiny encouraged U.S. territorial expansion, justified by a belief in American cultural and political superiority.
Card 20
What led to increased sectional conflict in the U.S. between 1844 and 1877?
Expansion of U.S. territory and slavery debates.
Card 21
Who negotiated the Webster-Ashburton Treaty?
U.S. Secretary of State Daniel Webster and Lord Alexander Ashburton.
Card 22
Why did steamships replace clipper ships in the mid-1850s?
Steamships had greater storage, lower costs, and reliable schedules.
Card 23
How did some Northerners view the war with Mexico?
As part of a Southern plot to extend 'slave power.'
Card 24
Why did the Free-Soil Party advocate for free homesteads?
To promote public land grants to small farmers.
Card 25
How did the Irish gain influence in New York City politics?
By 1880s, the Irish controlled Tammany Hall, a key Democratic organization.
Card 26
Why did the Fugitive Slave Law polarize the nation?
It increased sectional tensions by making slavery a national issue.
Card 27
What happened to ex-Whigs who supported slavery expansion?
They typically joined the Democratic Party.
Card 28
How did Lincoln's election serve as an excuse for secession?
It was seen as an institutional insult and threat to the Southern way of life.
Card 29
Why did Southern Whites vote for secession?
They believed they were upholding the Revolution of 1776 and escaping Northern tyranny.
Card 30
How many enslaved African Americans were freed by the Civil War?
4 million enslaved African Americans.
Card 31
What was the significance of the battles at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson?
They opened up the state of Mississippi to Union attack.
Card 32
Why was the Union disturbed by British actions during the Civil War?
They believed Britain was allowing shipyards to build warships for the Confederacy.
Card 33
Who were Lincoln's running mate and opponent in the election?
Andrew Johnson was Lincoln's running mate; McClellan was his opponent.
Card 34
What beliefs limited federal action during Reconstruction?
Limited government and states' rights.
Card 35
What rights did the Fourteenth Amendment guarantee?
Equal protection of the laws and due process for U.S. citizens.
Card 36
How did the North's economy change during Reconstruction?
It was driven by the Industrial Revolution and probusiness policies, focusing on railroads and steel.
Card 37
What were some failures associated with Republican rule during Reconstruction?
Reconstruction was seen as wasteful and corrupt, with instances of graft and bribery among Republican politicians.
Card 38
How was the victor in the 1876 presidential election decided?
Based on the recommendation of a special electoral commission.
Card 39
How did the U.S. handle border disputes differently from 1844 to 1877?
The U.S. changed its approach to negotiating and resolving border disputes, moving from conflict to more diplomatic solutions.
Card 40
What was a major consequence of the Civil War?
Permanent expansion of federal government power and end of slavery.
Card 41
What was the outcome of the Webster-Ashburton Treaty?
The territory was split between Maine and British Canada; Minnesota boundary settled.
Card 42
What was the purpose of Commodore Matthew C. Perry's mission to Japan in 1854?
To pressure Japan to open ports for U.S. trade.
Card 43
What was the Wilmot Proviso?
A proposal to ban slavery in territories acquired from Mexico.
Card 44
How did Southern plantation owners view restrictions on slavery?
As violations of their rights to take property wherever desired.
Card 45
Why did Germans migrate to the United States in the late 1840s and 1850s?
Economic hardships and failed revolutions led over 1 million Germans to emigrate.
Card 46
How did literature affect views on slavery?
It shifted many Northerners to view slavery as a moral issue.
Card 47
Who were the initial members of the Republican Party?
Free-Soilers, antislavery Whigs, and Democrats.
Card 48
What were the main pressures dividing the nation in the 1850s?
The battle over slavery in the western territories and national policy on it.
Card 49
What did Southern Whites believe about Lincoln and secession?
They believed, incorrectly, that Lincoln might allow secession without conflict.
Card 50
What did the Civil War accelerate in the North?
Industrialization and modernization.
Card 51
What was the outcome of the Battle of Shiloh?
Both sides suffered terrible losses, causing Confederate retreat.
Card 52
How did Lincoln act without Congress during the Civil War?
He acted on his own by calling for volunteers and suspending habeas corpus.
Card 53
How many electoral votes did the Lincoln-Johnson ticket receive?
They received 212 electoral votes.
Card 54
Who did Lincoln consider as the Confederacy?
A disloyal minority.
Card 55
What impact did the Fourteenth Amendment have on court cases in the 19th century?
Mixed results, as many rulings did not fully uphold the amendment initially.
Card 56
Who were the 'Spoilsmen' during the Grant administration?
Roscoe Conkling and James Blaine, political manipulators involved in patronage.
Card 57
Who were the redeemers in the context of Reconstruction?
Redeemers were Southern conservatives who took control of state governments, promoting states' rights and White supremacy.
Card 58
Why did Democrats accept Rutherford B. Hayes as president in 1876?
Because Hayes agreed to remove federal troops from the South.
Card 59
How did reactions to immigration change between 1844 and 1877?
Reactions to immigration evolved with changing societal needs and pressures, often leading to stricter policies and sentiments.
Card 60
How did political and technological advances impact the U.S. in the early 19th century?
Expanded political participation, market revolution, and regional transformations.
Card 61
Which nations originally claimed Oregon?
Spain, Russia, Great Britain, and the United States.
Card 62
What overshadowed the drive to acquire new territory from 1855 to 1870?
Issues of union, slavery, civil war, and reconstruction.
Card 63
What significance did traditional historians attribute to Manifest Destiny?
Bringing civilization and democratic institutions to a wilderness.
Card 64
What solution did Lewis Cass propose regarding slavery?
Popular sovereignty, allowing settlers to vote on slavery.
Card 65
Where did most German immigrants settle in the US and why?
Many Germans settled in the Old Northwest for cheap, fertile farmland.
Card 66
What was Elias Howe known for?
He was known for his work in industrial technology.
Card 67
What was the goal of the Republican Party when it was founded?
To oppose the spread of slavery in the territories.
Card 68
Who was John Brown, and what did he attempt at Harpers Ferry?
He was an abolitionist who led a raid on Harpers Ferry to arm enslaved people.
Card 69
What did Lincoln say about slavery in his inaugural address?
He assured he would not interfere with slavery where it existed but warned states couldn't break the Union.
Card 70
What was the Confederacy's defensive advantage in the Civil War?
They only needed to fight defensively to win.
Card 71
Who captured New Orleans for the Union in 1862?
Union navy under David Farragut.
Card 72
Why did Lincoln hesitate to end slavery initially?
Concerns included border state support, constitutional protections, and racial prejudice.
Card 73
What was the effect of the Civil War on the power of the federal government?
It reinforced the supremacy of the federal government over states.
Card 74
What was Lincoln's plan for Southern states post-war?
Southern states could regain full Union status with political loyalty.
Card 75
How did the Supreme Court use the Fourteenth Amendment post-1950s?
It protected individuals from states encroaching on their constitutional rights.
Card 76
What was the Crdit Mobilier affair?
Insiders gave stock to Congress members to avoid investigations of profits from railroad subsidies.
Card 77
What was the Ku Klux Klan's role during Reconstruction?
The Ku Klux Klan intimidated African Americans and reformers, committing violence to suppress Black voting rights.
Card 78
What role did Reconstruction play in the lives of Southern blacks according to Eric Foner?
It allowed for political and social mobilization and redefining status.
Card 79
What effect did Lincoln's debates with Douglas have on national politics?
Lincoln's debates with Douglas shifted public discourse and influenced political alignment on issues of slavery.
Card 80
What was Manifest Destiny?
Belief in U.S. divine mission to expand across North America.
Card 81
How did the United States justify its claim to Oregon?
Exploration by Captain Robert Gray, Lewis and Clark expedition, Astoria trading post.
Card 82
Who succeeded in purchasing Alaska in 1867?
Secretary of State William Seward.
Card 83
How did civil rights movements affect historians' views on Manifest Destiny?
Increased sensitivity to racist language and beliefs in historical accounts.
Card 84
Who were the Whig and Free-Soil nominees in the 1848 election?
General Zachary Taylor and Martin Van Buren.
Card 85
What political activities did German immigrants support?
They strongly supported public education and opposed slavery.
Card 86
Who was Samuel F. B. Morse?
He invented the telegraph.
Card 87
Who was the Republican nominee in the 1856 presidential election?
John C. Frmont.
Card 88
What was the result of John Brown's raid in the North and South?
Northerners were divided; Southerners saw it as proof of Northern intentions.
Card 89
What crucial action did Lincoln take regarding Fort Sumter?
Lincoln sent food provisions to Fort Sumter, forcing South Carolina to decide on aggression.
Card 90
How did the Union's population compare to the Confederacy's?
The Union had a population advantage with 22 million vs. 5.5 million.
Card 91
Why was foreign recognition critical for the Confederacy?
To gain aid and support from Britain or France.
Card 92
What were the Confiscation Acts?
They enabled the Union to seize property, including enslaved people, from Confederates.
Card 93
How did the Gettysburg Address redefine American democracy?
It emphasized equality and inspired global democracy.
Card 94
What were the terms of the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction?
Full pardons to Confederates taking an oath and accepting emancipation.
Card 95
What were some provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment related to Reconstruction?
Disqualified former Confederate leaders from office and affected state representation if voting rights were denied.
Card 96
Who exposed 'Boss' Tweed's corruption?
The New York Times and cartoonist Thomas Nast.
Card 97
What were the Force Acts of 1870 and 1871?
The Force Acts empowered federal authorities to combat Klan violence and protect citizens' civil rights.
Card 98
How does Douglas Egerton describe Reconstruction's democratic nature?
As the most democratic period in the U.S. in the 19th century.
Card 99
How did Lincoln's actions influence the secession of states?
Lincoln's actions, including his anti-slavery stance, contributed to Southern states' decisions to secede from the Union.
Card 100
How did the U.S. gain new territories during westward expansion?
Negotiations, purchase, and war, notably the Mexican War.
Card 101
What caused 'Oregon fever'?
The success of settlers in the Willamette Valley.
Card 102
What concept continued to shape U.S. policy even after the Civil War?
Manifest Destiny.
Card 103
Why might the U.S. have withdrawn troops from Mexico, according to some historians?
Racist motives to avoid incorporating large non-Anglo populations.
Card 104
Why were antislavery Democrats called 'barnburners'?
They were seen as threatening the Democratic Party by opposing slavery.
Card 105
Who were most of the opponents of immigration in the 1840s?
Most opponents were Protestants, alarmed by Catholic immigrants.
Card 106
What impact did the Panic of 1857 have?
It disrupted the economy and increased sectional tensions.
Card 107
What were the key elements of the Republican platform in 1856?
No expansion of slavery, free homesteads, probusiness protective tariff.
Card 108
What did Southern fears focus on regarding a Republican victory in 1860?
They feared it would threaten their economy and constitutional rights to slavery.
Card 109
What happened at Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861?
South Carolina attacked and captured Fort Sumter, marking the war's start.
Card 110
What economic advantage did the Union have over the Confederacy?
Dominated the economy, controlling most banking, factories, and railroads.
Card 111
What was the Trent Affair?
An incident involving captured Confederate diplomats on a British steamer.
Card 112
What was the purpose of the Emancipation Proclamation?
It aimed to free enslaved persons in states at war with the Union.
Card 113
What financial measures did the Union take to fund the Civil War?
Borrowing, selling bonds, raising tariffs, and taxes.
Card 114
What was required for a Southern state to rejoin the Union under Lincoln's plan?
10% of voters in a state needed to take a loyalty oath.
Card 115
What did the Report of the Joint Committee state about Confederate states?
It declared they were not entitled to Congressional representation and Congress set conditions for rejoining the Union.
Card 116
What was the impact of the Panic of 1873?
It caused widespread business failures and focused attention away from the South.
Card 117
What was the significance of Southern states' constitutions post-Civil War?
They repudiated secession, negated Confederate debts, and ratified the 13th Amendment but did not extend voting rights to Blacks.
Card 118
What was a major difference between Foners and Egertons views on Reconstruction?
Foner saw Reconstruction as transformative; Egerton emphasized racial violence.
Card 119
What effect did Confederate efforts have on gaining international support during the Civil War?
Confederate states' efforts for international recognition failed to significantly impact the outcome of the Civil War.
Card 120
Why did some Americans oppose new immigrants in the mid-1800s?
Fear of losing jobs and cultural influence led to political organizations against immigration.
Card 121
What was the Democratic slogan in the 1844 election?
'Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!' symbolized expansionist aims.
Card 122
What did the Kanagawa Treaty allow U.S. vessels to do?
Enter two Japanese ports for coal.
Card 123
What diverse contributions have recent historians studied in westward expansion?
Impact on American Indians, influence of Mexican culture, contributions of African American and Asian American pioneers, role of women.
Card 124
What key issue influenced the 1848 presidential race?
The expansion of slavery into territories.
Card 125
What was the Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner?
A secretive antiforeign society that evolved into the American Party.
Card 126
What was nativism in the 1850s?
A movement opposing foreign influence and immigration.
Card 127
Which party did Millard Fillmore represent in the 1856 election?
The Know-Nothing Party.
Card 128
Why was the Democratic Party seen as a last hope for compromise in 1860?
It was the main national party able to appeal to both North and South.
Card 129
How did the secession of the Upper South occur?
After Fort Sumter, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas joined the Confederacy.
Card 130
Why was European recognition important for the Confederates?
To gain recognition and financial aid.
Card 131
What role did Confederate raiders play in the Civil War?
They attacked U.S. merchant ships, affecting Northern commerce.
Card 132
When did Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation?
He issued it on January 1, 1863, following the Battle of Antietam.
Card 133
What was the impact of issuing greenbacks during the Civil War?
It led to inflation, with prices rising about 80%.
Card 134
What was the Wade-Davis Bill of 1864?
It required 50% of voters to take a loyalty oath and only non-Confederates could create new constitutions.
Card 135
What actions did Johnson take during the Election of 1866?
Johnson campaigned against Congress using racially charged rhetoric.
Card 136
How did women's roles change during the Civil War?
Women took over farms and factory jobs and served as military nurses.
Card 137
What were the Black Codes?
Black Codes restricted African Americans' rights, including land rental, court testimony, and forced labor contracts.
Card 138
What effect did Manifest Destiny have on American views on slavery?
It influenced views on both the expansion of slavery and its abolition.
Card 139
How did President Andrew Johnson's and the Radical Republicans' Reconstruction plans differ?
Johnson's plan was lenient toward the South, while the Radical Republicans sought punitive measures and equal rights protection.
Card 140
What were the differing views on slavery during the sectional conflict?
Slaveowners defended slavery; others pushed for abolition or limiting slavery's expansion.
Card 141
Why did Henry Clay's strategy affect the Whig Party?
It alienated voters in New York, leading to a Whig Party loss.
Card 142
What was one result of improvements in ship design during the gold rush?
It cut the journey to San Francisco to 89 days.
Card 143
What did the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo result in for Mexico?
Mexico lost half of its territory.
Card 144
Who drafted California's 1849 constitution and what did it ban?
Californians; it banned slavery.
Card 145
Why was the American Party called the Know-Nothing Party?
Members often answered political questions with 'I know nothing.'
Card 146
Who was Harriet Tubman?
A famous conductor of the Underground Railroad.
Card 147
What significant role did James Buchanan play in the election of 1856?
Democrats nominated him, expecting to win due to national appeal.
Card 148
How did the Democratic Party split during the 1860 elections?
The party split over slavery, with separate conventions nominating Douglas and Breckinridge.
Card 149
Why did Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky stay in the Union?
Pro-Union sentiment and federal policies helped keep these states loyal.
Card 150
What political liability did the Confederates face during the Civil War?
States' rights were a liability; they lacked a strong central government.
Card 151
Why did 'King Cotton' fail as diplomacy for the Confederacy?
Europe sourced cotton from other places, reducing Confederate leverage.
Card 152
How many African Americans served in the Union army and navy?
Almost 200,000 African Americans served, fighting in all-Black units.
Card 153
How did the national banking system change in 1863?
A new system was created, the first since Jackson's era.
Card 154
Who created the Freedmen's Bureau and when?
Congress in March 1865.
Card 155
Who won the Election of 1866 and what was the result?
Republicans won overwhelmingly, gaining a two-thirds majority in Congress.
Card 156
Why did some suffragists oppose the 14th and 15th Amendments?
Because they granted voting rights to African Americans but limited them to men.
Card 157
What were key restrictions under the Black Codes?
Black Codes prohibited land rental, borrowing money, and required work agreements under threat of vagrancy arrest.
Card 158
How did Radical Republicans' views differ from Lincoln and Johnson's during Reconstruction?
They wanted to control rebels and protect rights compared to quick reunification.
Card 159
What was the effect of efforts to protect equal rights during Reconstruction?
Efforts to protect equal rights had a mixed impact, with some advancements for African Americans amidst resistance.
Card 160
How did abolitionists and Free-Soilers view slavery?
End slavery completely; prevent its expansion into territories.
Card 161
What action did John Tyler take regarding Texas?
He pushed for Texas annexation through a joint resolution in Congress.
Card 162
What was Robert C. Winthrop's position on the Oregon territory based on?
His desire to negotiate and compromise.
Card 163
What reasons do some historians give for the war with Mexico being imperialistic?
The U.S. had commercial ambitions in the Pacific, seeking California as a trade base.
Card 164
What compromise did Henry Clay propose in 1850?
Admitting California as a free state and resolving the Texas-New Mexico border dispute.
Card 165
What change did the Know-Nothing Party support for immigrants?
Increasing the time for citizenship from five to twenty-one years.
Card 166
What is 'Uncle Tom's Cabin' known for?
A novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe that swayed public opinion against slavery.
Card 167
What did the election of 1856 foreshadow for the Republican Party?
Its emergence as a powerful political party.
Card 168
What platform did the Southern Democrats support in 1860?
They supported the unrestricted extension of slavery and annexation of Cuba.
Card 169
What was the significance of keeping the border states in the Union?
Losing them would increase the Confederacy's population and weaken the North.
Card 170
How did the Confederate constitution differ from the U.S. Constitution?
It prohibited a protective tariff and appropriating funds for internal improvements.
Card 171
How did the Emancipation Proclamation affect international views?
It aligned the Union with anti-slavery, appealing to Britain.
Card 172
What changes occurred in American society during the Civil War?
American society experienced political, social, and economic changes.
Card 173
What was the employment trend in the federal government from 1841 to 1881?
Federal employment grew significantly, especially post-1861.
Card 174
What were the initial powers of the Freedmen's Bureau?
Resettle freedpeople on confiscated farmlands.
Card 175
What did the Reconstruction Acts of 1867 establish?
Military occupation of the South and requirements for states to readmit to the Union.
Card 176
What was significant about Wyoming Territory in 1869?
It was the first to grant women full suffrage rights.
Card 177
How did sharecropping impact African Americans?
Sharecropping kept African Americans dependent and in debt, evolving into a form of servitude despite providing work opportunities.
Card 178
What do the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments reflect about American values?
They reflect a general support for equal rights despite some opposing views.
Card 179
What did Channing believe about the annexation of Texas?
Channing opposed Texas' annexation, viewing it as a step toward war and expansion of slavery.
Card 180
What triggered the Civil War?
Election of Abraham Lincoln and fears over slavery expansion.
Card 181
How was the Oregon boundary dispute resolved?
It was divided at the 49th parallel with Britain.
Card 182
How did President Polk try to acquire California and New Mexico from Mexico?
By sending John Slidell as an envoy to negotiate.
Card 183
What is the significance of the Gadsden Purchase?
It secured land for a southern railroad route to New Mexico and Arizona.
Card 184
What were the terms of the Compromise of 1850 regarding California?
California was admitted as a free state.
Card 185
How did the Know-Nothing Party fare in the 1856 election?
They ran Millard Fillmore and were unsuccessful.
Card 186
Who wrote 'Sociology for the South'?
George Fitzhugh wrote it as a proslavery argument.
Card 187
What was the Lecompton Constitution?
A proslavery constitution for Kansas submitted by the Southern legislature.
Card 188
What was the Republican platform during the 1860 election?
Exclusion of slavery from territories, protective tariffs, free land, and internal improvements.
Card 189
What did Northern historians argue about the cause of the Civil War?
They claimed slavery was the principal cause due to Southern desires to expand it.
Card 190
Why did the Confederacy struggle financially during the Civil War?
Chronic money shortages and severe inflation.
Card 191
When did the turning point of the Civil War occur?
First week of July 1863, with defeats at Gettysburg and Vicksburg.
Card 192
What political factions existed in the North during the Civil War?
Radical Republicans, Free-Soil Republicans, Democrats, and Copperheads.
Card 193
How did the Civil War influence the Northern economy?
It boosted industries, but wages lagged behind inflation.
Card 194
What was the greatest success of the Freedmen's Bureau?
Education, establishing schools and colleges.
Card 195
Why was the Tenure of Office Act passed in 1867?
To protect Radical Republicans in Johnsons cabinet.
Card 196
What does the 14th Amendment state about citizenship?
It states all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. are citizens.
Card 197
What was the outcome of the Amnesty Act of 1872?
The Amnesty Act allowed ex-Confederates, except top leaders, to vote, aiding Southern conservatives' political resurgence.
Card 198
How did Northerners and Southerners differ in their views on Manifest Destiny?
Northerners saw it as expansion for immigrants; Southerners as a way to expand slavery.
Card 199
What concerns did President Polk express in his 1845 Inaugural Address?
Polk expressed concerns that Texas' independence could threaten U.S. security and economic interests.
Card 200
What was the outcome of the Union's victory in the Civil War?
Ended slavery and increased federal government power.
Card 201
Why were some Northerners opposed to the Oregon treaty?
It was viewed as a concession to Southern interests by removing potential free states.
Card 202
What incident did President Polk use to justify his war message to Congress?
The killing of 11 Americans by a Mexican army.
Card 203
Who were key military figures in the Mexican-American War?
Figures like Zachary Taylor, Stephen Kearney, and Winfield Scott.
Card 204
What was required under the new Fugitive Slave Law in 1850?
It required strict enforcement and the return of escaped enslaved people.
Card 205
How were the American Indians and Mexican Americans discriminated against in the Southwest?
They faced religious discrimination being Roman Catholics or traditionalists.
Card 206
What did the Kansas-Nebraska Act overturn?
It repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820.
Card 207
Why did Congress reject the Lecompton Constitution?
It lacked majority support and was rejected by Democrats and Republicans.
Card 208
Who did the Republicans nominate for president in 1860, and why?
They nominated Abraham Lincoln for his moderate stance and strong debating skills.
Card 209
How did Southern historians view the cause of the Civil War?
They argued it was about defending constitutional rights against Northern tyranny.
Card 210
What was the Confederate state's reaction to Jefferson Davis's attempts to increase power?
Some governors resisted, holding back troops and resources.
Card 211
What was the significance of the Siege of Vicksburg?
It gave the Union control of the Mississippi River, dividing the Confederacy.
Card 212
What was Lincoln's approach to civil liberties during the war?
He prioritized the war effort over constitutional rights, suspending habeas corpus.
Card 213
What was the purpose of the Morrill Tariff Act of 1861?
To increase revenue and protect manufacturers with high tariffs.
Card 214
Why did Andrew Johnson clash with Republicans?
He was a White supremacist opposed to civil rights for African Americans.
Card 215
Why was Andrew Johnson impeached?
He violated the Tenure of Office Act by dismissing Edwin Stanton.
Card 216
How did the 14th Amendment affect state actions?
It prohibited states from abridging privileges or denying equal protection of laws.
Card 217
What was the controversy in the Election of 1876?
The election results were contested in three states, leading to a commission that controversially gave the presidency to Hayes.
Card 218
What compromise did Northerners and Southerners make regarding slavery in the 1840s and 1850s?
By allowing the banning of slave trading in D.C. but permitting ownership.
Card 219
How did American Review describe California's annexation in 1846?
California was seen as naturally destined to be annexed by the U.S. due to American migration and interests.
Card 220
What challenges persisted during the Reconstruction period?
Conflicts between federal and state powers, and racial tensions.
Card 221
What was the Great American Desert?
An arid region between the Mississippi Valley and the Pacific Coast.
Card 222
What victories did Zachary Taylor achieve during the Mexican-American War?
Victory at Buena Vista and driving Mexicans from Texas.
Card 223
Which territories were involved in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and Mexican Cession?
Mexican territories ceded to the U.S. in 1848 and 1853.
Card 224
Why did President Taylor support California and New Mexicos admission as free states?
Despite being a slaveholder, he sought to bring order to the West.
Card 225
What was the population growth trend in the US regions from 1820 to 1860?
The US population significantly increased across all regions from 1820 to 1860.
Card 226
How did Stephen A. Douglas influence the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
He proposed popular sovereignty to decide slavery in territories.
Card 227
Who was Dred Scott, and what did he sue for?
An enslaved man who sued for his freedom in Missouri.
Card 228
What was the main aim of the Constitutional Union Party in 1860?
To preserve the Union by enforcing laws and the Constitution.
Card 229
What did Progressive Era scholars believe caused the Civil War?
They saw it as a clash of economic systems: industrial North vs. agricultural South.
Card 230
What was General Winfield Scott's three-part strategy for the Union?
Blockade Southern ports, control the Mississippi River, raise an army to conquer Richmond.
Card 231
What was the outcome of the Battle of Gettysburg?
The Confederates suffered heavy losses and retreated.
Card 232
How did the suspension of habeas corpus affect arrests during the war?
About 13,000 people were arrested without charges or trial.
Card 233
What was the objective of the Homestead Act of 1862?
To encourage settlement of Great Plains by offering free land.
Card 234
What was Johnson's Reconstruction policy?
Disenfranchisement of former Confederates but allowed presidential pardons.
Card 235
What was the outcome of Andrew Johnson's impeachment trial?
Johnson was impeached but not removed from office, missing by one Senate vote.
Card 236
What judicial issue arose from the 14th Amendment's provisions?
The provision related to 'equal protection of the laws.'
Card 237
What was the Compromise of 1877?
The Compromise ended federal support for Southern Republicans and promised a Southern railroad, removing troops from the South.
Card 238
What does it mean to support a claim?
It involves providing relevant evidence to back up the claim.
Card 239
What argument did John L. OSullivan make about California in 1846?
OSullivan argued that California's annexation was inevitable due to Anglo-Saxon migration and development.
Card 240
What were Black Codes?
Laws restricting rights of African Americans post-Civil War.
Card 241
Who were the mountain men?
Early fur traders who provided information about trails and frontier conditions.
Card 242
What were the outcomes of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?
U.S. gained California and New Mexico; Mexico recognized Texas's Rio Grande border.
Card 243
What was the Ostend Manifesto and its outcome?
A plan to buy Cuba from Spain which failed after public backlash.
Card 244
What caused talk of secession among Southern radicals in 1850?
The admission of California as a free state and Clay's proposals.
Card 245
What industries grew due to industrialization after 1840?
Industries like textiles, shoes, sewing machines, and firearms grew.
Card 246
What happened in 'Bleeding Kansas'?
Violence between proslavery and antislavery groups ensued.
Card 247
What did the Supreme Court rule in Dred Scott v. Sandford?
Scott was not a citizen, Congress could not ban slavery, Missouri Compromise unconstitutional.
Card 248
What were the results of the 1860 presidential election?
Lincoln won the electoral vote with the majority of Northern states.
Card 249
What perspective on the Civil War emerged in the 1920s and 1930s?
Historians blamed political blunders and extremism on both sides for the war.
Card 250
What was the significance of the First Battle of Bull Run?
It ended the illusion of a short war and promoted the myth of Confederate invincibility.
Card 251
What strategy did Grant use in the Civil War?
A war of attrition, aiming to deplete Confederate resources.
Card 252
What did the Supreme Court rule in Ex Parte Milligan (1866)?
It ruled civilian military trials were improper if civilian courts were available.
Card 253
How did the Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862 support education?
States used land sales to fund agricultural and technical colleges.
Card 254
How did Johnson's vetoes impact Reconstruction?
Johnson vetoed many bills, alienating Republicans and ending the first Reconstruction round.
Card 255
Who did the Republicans nominate in the 1868 presidential election?
Ulysses S. Grant.
Card 256
What was the stance of the Liberal Republicans in the 1872 election?
They advocated for civil-service reform, end to railroad subsidies, and freer trade.
Card 257
How did the end of Reconstruction affect the South economically?
The post-Reconstruction South remained economically poor, focusing on agriculture and lagging in prosperity.
Card 258
How can a claim be modified?
Providing evidence that shows part of it is true, part false or irrelevant.
Card 259
What did the 1847 United States Magazine editorial say about territorial occupation?
The editorial described territorial occupation as essential for U.S. expansion, tied to the spread of slavery.
Card 260
How did sharecropping impact African Americans post-Civil War?
Kept Black farmers in a subservient position similar to slavery.
Card 261
What challenges did pioneers face on overland trails?
Diseases and depression from harsh conditions were the biggest dangers.
Card 262
Why did some Southern Democrats oppose the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?
They wanted the U.S. to take all of Mexico for slavery expansion.
Card 263
What did the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850 entail?
Neither Great Britain nor the U.S. would control a canal in Central America alone.
Card 264
What role did Millard Fillmore play in the Compromise of 1850?
He supported the compromise and signed the bills into law.
Card 265
Who invented the sewing machine and what was its impact?
Elias Howe; it moved clothing production from homes to factories.
Card 266
Who were the 'border ruffians'?
Proslavery Missourians who influenced Kansas politics.
Card 267
How did the Dred Scott decision impact Northern Republicans?
It infuriated Northerners and increased suspicions of a proslavery conspiracy.
Card 268
Why did Southern secessionists call for immediate disunion in 1860?
Lincoln's election was seen as a threat to slavery and Southern interests.
Card 269
How did the civil rights movement impact views on the Civil War's cause?
The movement reinforced the belief that slavery was the chief cause of disunion.
Card 270
What mistake did McClellan make during the Peninsula Campaign?
He delayed attacking, allowing Confederate forces to regroup.
Card 271
What were Grant's tactics in Virginia in 1864?
Heavy casualties but successful in reducing Lees army.
Card 272
What was the Unions March 1863 Conscription Act?
It made men aged 20-45 liable for military service.
Card 273
What did the Pacific Railway Act of 1862 authorize?
Building a transcontinental railroad linking West and East.
Card 274
What triggered the second round of Reconstruction?
The opposition to Johnson's policies by Congress.
Card 275
What was the significance of the Fifteenth Amendment?
It prohibited voting discrimination based on race, color, or previous servitude.
Card 276
What was the impact of the Grant scandals on the Republicans?
It caused them to break with the party and elect Horace Greeley.
Card 277
What was the historical perspective of William Dunning on Reconstruction?
Dunning portrayed Reconstruction as a failure, blaming African Americans and carpetbaggers for exploiting Southern Whites.
Card 278
What does refuting a claim involve?
Providing evidence to show the claim is untrue.
Card 279
How did Senator Thomas Corwin view the territory acquisition from Mexico?
Corwin viewed the territorial acquisition from Mexico as unnecessary and warned of internal conflict over slavery.
Card 280
What was John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry?
An attempt to inspire slave uprisings against slavery in 1859.
Card 281
Where did pioneers often begin their westward journey?
St. Joseph or Independence, Missouri, or Council Bluffs, Iowa.
Card 282
What was the significance of the Wilmot Proviso?
To forbid slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico.
Card 283
Who was William Walker and what did he attempt?
A Southern adventurer who tried to create a proslavery empire in Central America.
Card 284
How did the Compromise of 1850 affect Northern political power?
It increased the North's political influence.
Card 285
How did the electric telegraph affect communication?
Invented by Samuel Morse, it sped up communication and transport.
Card 286
What triggered the Caning of Senator Sumner?
Sumner's speech attacking proslavery forces incited Brooks' violent reaction.
Card 287
What was the Freeport Doctrine?
Douglas argued slavery required local laws to exist.
Card 288
Which states were the first to secede from the Union?
South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas.
Card 289
What did Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. argue about slavery?
He stated that slavery's defense created moral issues beyond compromise.
Card 290
Why was the Battle of Antietam significant despite being a draw?
It prevented Confederate recognition by Britain and France.
Card 291
What was Shermans March?
A campaign of destruction from Tennessee through Georgia.
Card 292
How did people avoid service under the Conscription Act?
Draftees could avoid service by paying $300 or finding substitutes.
Card 293
What were the long-term effects of the Civil War on American society?
Transformation into a modern industrial society, despite devastation.
Card 294
What were the goals of Radical Republicans during Reconstruction?
Civil rights for Black citizens and harsher policies on Southern Whites.
Card 295
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1875 guarantee?
Equal accommodation in public places and jury service inclusion.
Card 296
How did Lincoln propose to handle Reconstruction in his last speech?
He encouraged accepting Louisiana as a reconstructed state and hinted at voting rights for intelligent freedmen or soldiers.
Card 297
Who were key critics of the Dunning School's view on Reconstruction?
W.E.B. Du Bois and John Hope Franklin highlighted positive achievements and criticized the Dunning perspective.
Card 298
Which statement supports the argument about Lincolns debates with Douglas?
Statement 2 supports Lincoln becoming well known.
Card 299
What was Senator Charles Sumner's stance on the Mexican-American War?
Sumner condemned the war as unconstitutional and driven by the intention to extend slavery and Slave Power.
Card 300
How did the Dred Scott decision impact territories?
It opened all U.S. territories to slavery in 1857.
Card 301
What initiated the California gold rush?
The discovery of gold in 1848.
Card 302
What event led to diplomatic trouble between the U.S. and Mexico after Texas's annexation?
The U.S. annexation of Texas.
Card 303
What was the impact of the Missouri Compromise on Southern expansionists?
It barred slavery in Louisiana Purchase lands, frustrating Southerners.
Card 304
What was a consequence of the Compromise of 1850's passage?
Controversy, especially over the Fugitive Slave Law and popular sovereignty.
Card 305
What replaced canals for transportation in the 1840s and 1850s?
Railroads replaced canals as the primary means of transportation.
Card 306
How did the abolitionists respond to proslavery settlers in Kansas?
They organized antislavery settlers to move to Kansas.
Card 307
What issue did the Freeport Doctrine create among Southern Democrats?
It angered them because it undermined the Dred Scott decision.
Card 308
Who were the president and vice president of the Confederate States of America?
Jefferson Davis and Alexander Stephens.
Card 309
What was the consequence of Lincoln's election according to study material?
It led to Southern secession and intensified regional conflict.
Card 310
What did Lincoln use as a basis to announce an assault on slavery?
The partial northern victory at Antietam.
Card 311
What impact did Shermans tactics have on the Confederacy?
It broke the spirit and will of the Confederacy to fight.
Card 312
What sparked the 1863 riots in New York City?
Fears of job competition from freed African Americans fueled the riots.
Card 313
What was Lincoln's vision for the treatment of the South after the Civil War?
He urged for a benevolent approach, with malice toward none.
Card 314
Who were the leading Radical Republicans in Congress?
Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens.
Card 315
What was the Republican Party's role in the South during Reconstruction?
They dominated Southern state governments under military protection.
Card 316
What controversy existed about Republican control in the South during Reconstruction?
Some argue they alternated between corruption and responsible governance.
Card 317
What did Eric Foner argue about Reconstruction?
Foner highlighted Reconstruction's unfinished potential and its foundation for future African American progress.
Card 318
How does Statement 1 refute the argument about Lincoln's debates?
By showing Lincoln lost the election to Douglas.
Card 319
What was the broader historical context of westward expansion during the 1830s and 1840s?
Westward expansion was driven by Manifest Destiny, economic opportunities, and conflicts over slavery.
Card 320
What was the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation?
It declared freedom for enslaved people in Confederate territories.
Card 321
How did California's population change after the gold rush?
California's population soared from 14,000 to 380,000 by 1860.
Card 322
Who quickly overthrew Mexican rule in California in 1846?
John C. Frmont.
Card 323
What did president Polk offer Spain in the Ostend Manifesto?
$100 million for Cuba.
Card 324
Who were the key figures in the Senate debate over the 1850 compromise?
Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, John C. Calhoun.
Card 325
What role did railroads play in the North and Midwest economies?
Railroads linked Midwest farms and Northeast markets, aiding commerce.
Card 326
What did the New England Emigrant Aid Company do?
It financed the transportation of antislavery settlers to Kansas.
Card 327
How did Abraham Lincoln gain national attention?
Through his debates with Stephen Douglas.
Card 328
What did the Confederate States' constitution include?
It limited government power over tariffs and slavery restrictions.
Card 329
Who was John Brown associated with?
John Brown was linked to Harpers Ferry and violent responses.
Card 330
What was the outcome of the Battle of Fredericksburg for the Union and Confederate armies?
Union suffered 12,000 casualties; Confederates had 5,000.
Card 331
When did Richmond fall to Union forces?
Richmond fell on April 3, 1865.
Card 332
Who was the Democratic nominee in the 1864 election?
General George McClellan was the Democratic nominee.
Card 333
Who assassinated Abraham Lincoln and where?
John Wilkes Booth in Ford's Theater, Washington.
Card 334
What did the Thirteenth Amendment accomplish?
It abolished slavery in the United States.
Card 335
How long did Republican rule last in Southern states during Reconstruction?
From one year in Tennessee to nine years in Florida.
Card 336
What was Frederick Douglass's view on the status of African Americans post-Reconstruction?
He stated they were not quite free despite the end of slavery.
Card 337
What role did Radical Republicans play during Reconstruction?
Radical Republicans passed civil rights legislation and sought to restructure Southern society under equal terms.
Card 338
Which statement qualifies the argument about Lincolns debates?
Statement 3 modifies by noting more than two parties existed.
Card 339
How did the idea of 'Slave Power' relate to the annexation of Texas?
The idea of 'Slave Power' was linked to the annexation of Texas as a means to expand slavery and political influence.
Card 340
What did the 13th Amendment achieve?
It abolished slavery in the United States.
Card 341
Who made up a significant portion of the miners in the West?
By the 1860s, almost one-third of the miners were Chinese.
Card 342
How much did the U.S. pay for California and New Mexico in the Mexican Cession?
$15 million plus assuming claims against Mexico.
Card 343
What three positions existed on slavery expansion in the territories?
Pro-slavery, anti-slavery, and compromise approaches.
Card 344
Why did Daniel Webster alienate his supporters during the 1850 debate?
By arguing for compromise to save the Union.
Card 345
What was the Panic of 1857 and how did it affect different regions?
A financial panic that hit Northern cities hard but spared the South.
Card 346
Who was Franklin Pierce?
A Northern Democrat who supported the Fugitive Slave Law.
Card 347
What was the focus of the Lincoln-Douglas debates in 1858?
Slavery as a moral issue and Douglas's indifference.
Card 348
What was Senator John Crittenden's proposal?
The Crittenden Compromise aimed to guarantee slavery rights through a constitutional amendment.
Card 349
What political crisis involved John C. Breckenridge?
Breckenridge was involved in the crisis leading to the 1860 election and secession.
Card 350
How did the Monitor vs. Merrimac battle impact naval warfare?
It marked a shift to ironclad ships replacing wooden ones.
Card 351
Where did Lee surrender to Grant?
At Appomattox Court House, Virginia, on April 9, 1865.
Card 352
What was the platform of the Democrats in the 1864 election?
They advocated for peace and appealed to war-weary voters.
Card 353
How did Lincoln's assassination affect the North-South relations post-war?
It stirred Northern anger when leniency was needed for Reconstruction.
Card 354
When was the Thirteenth Amendment ratified?
December 1865.
Card 355
Who were 'Scalawags' and 'Carpetbaggers'?
Southern Republicans labeled as 'Scalawags' and Northern newcomers as 'Carpetbaggers'.
Card 356
Which Supreme Court decision was repudiated by the 14th Amendment?
The Dred Scott decision.
Card 357
How did the Southern agricultural economy change post-Civil War?
Sharecropping replaced forced labor contracts but kept African Americans economically dependent on landowners.
Card 358
What does the resupply of Fort Sumter indicate about Lincoln's intentions?
It supports the claim he was willing to engage in conflict.
Card 359
What was the significance of Texas in U.S. expansion according to Sumner?
Sumner saw Texas' annexation as a constitutional violation and a means to extend slavery.
Card 360
What was the aim of the 15th Amendment?
To ban racial discrimination in voting.
Card 361
What did the Preemption Acts allow?
They allowed squatters to settle public lands and purchase them at low prices.
Card 362
Why did some Whigs oppose the Mexican-American War?
They saw it as an immoral effort to expand slavery.
Card 363
What was the Free-Soil Movement's position on slavery?
They aimed to prevent slavery and African Americans from settling in new territories.
Card 364
How did opponents manage to delay the Compromise of 1850?
Through opposition from President Taylor and antislavery lawmakers.
Card 365
What was the purpose of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850?
To help Southern owners capture and return escaped enslaved people.
Card 366
What was the outcome of the election of 1852 for the Whig Party?
The Whig Party was declining and splitting over sectional issues.
Card 367
Who won the U.S. Senate election in Illinois in 1858?
Stephen Douglas won.
Card 368
How did the South view Northern radicals and John Brown's actions?
As a threat to use slave revolts to destroy the South.
Card 369
What was the purpose of the Crittenden Compromise?
It aimed to resolve the secession crisis through concessions on slavery.
Card 370
What was the result of the naval battle between Monitor and Merrimac?
The battle ended in a draw, maintaining the blockade.
Card 371
What were the conditions of Lee's surrender to Grant?
Grant treated Lee with respect and allowed men to keep their horses.
Card 372
What impact did the Emancipation Proclamation have on slavery?
It freed enslaved people in Confederate states, impacting about 1% initially.
Card 373
What challenges faced the U.S. during Reconstruction?
Rebuilding the South and integrating freed Black Americans.
Card 374
What impact did the Thirteenth Amendment have on freed people?
Freed 4 million people, allowing them protection under the U.S. Constitution.
Card 375
What was notable about African American legislators during Reconstruction?
African Americans held positions, including Senate seats previously held by Confederates.
Card 376
What challenge did President Grant face during his second term?
The Panic of 1873 and resulting economic depression.
Card 377
What impact did the withdrawal of federal troops have on the South?
Withdrawal of troops left African Americans vulnerable, weakening protections for civil rights.
Card 378
How does Statement 1 refute the claim about Fort Sumter?
By quoting Lincoln on not seeking conflict.
Card 379
What role did slavery play in U.S. territorial expansion debates?
Slavery debates were central to territorial expansion, influencing political, social, and legal arguments.
Card 380
What caused controversy in the Maine boundary dispute?
Dispute over the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick.
Card 381
Why was moving west mainly a middle-class movement?
The cost of the journey was prohibitive for poorer families.
Card 382
Who coined the term 'Manifest Destiny'?
John L. O'Sullivan.
Card 383
What territory was most directly gained by the Mexican War?
Mexican Cession through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
Card 384
What argument did William H. Seward make against the Compromise of 1850?
That a higher law than the Constitution required opposing slavery.
Card 385
How did Northerners react to the Fugitive Slave Law?
They bitterly resented it and resisted through protests and force.
Card 386
What was John Brown's response to the attack on Lawrence?
He retaliated by attacking a proslavery settlement.
Card 387
What did Lincoln's 'house-divided' speech signify?
That the nation could not endure permanently half slave and half free.
Card 388
Why did Southern Democrats walk out of the Baltimore convention in 1860?
Due to disagreements over slavery extension in territories.
Card 389
What role did Fort Sumter play in the Civil War?
It was where the first shots of the Civil War were fired, starting the conflict.
Card 390
What was the purpose of the Union blockade strategy?
To cut off essential supplies from reaching the Confederacy.
Card 391
What long-term effects of the Civil War were anticipated?
Changes to policies, laws, and the future of free African Americans.
Card 392
What role did African American soldiers play in the war?
They contributed significantly, earning respect for their bravery.
Card 393
What was the significance of Juneteenth?
Celebrates the end of slavery in the U.S., especially in Texas.
Card 394
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1866 declare?
All African Americans were declared U.S. citizens.
Card 395
Who were Blanche K. Bruce and Hiram Revels?
African American Senators who served during Reconstruction.
Card 396
What role did women play during the Civil War?
They served in various capacities, including as nurses and taking factory jobs.
Card 397
Why did some historians believe Reconstruction was not radical enough?
Historians argued Congress should have provided land to African Americans and maintained military presence longer.
Card 398
What historically defensible claim could be made about railroads and the Civil War?
That railroads linked regions influencing the war.
Card 399
How did public opinion about Texas' annexation reflect attitudes toward slavery?
Public opinion on Texas' annexation was divided, with debates over extending slavery and economic benefits.
Card 400
What role did Manifest Destiny play in U.S. expansion?
Justified U.S. expansion as a divine mission.
Card 401
What factors led to the development of Western cities?
Railroads, mineral wealth, and farming attracted professionals and business owners.
Card 402
What was the 'Bear Flag Republic'?
California as an independent republic under American control.
Card 403
How did the Compromise of 1850 aim to handle regional tensions?
It attempted to balance regional tensions after the Mexican-American War.
Card 404
Who succeeded President Taylor and supported the compromise?
Vice President Millard Fillmore.
Card 405
Who was Harriet Tubman and what was her role in the Underground Railroad?
She was a key conductor, helping about 300 enslaved people escape.
Card 406
What was the intention of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
To let territories decide slavery through popular sovereignty.
Card 407
How did the Kansas-Nebraska Act relate to popular sovereignty?
Discussed whether territories could decide on slavery for themselves.
Card 408
What was the major concern for Southern states regarding Lincoln's presidency?
The fear that the North would dominate the federal government and threaten slavery.
Card 409
What did Lincoln argue in his First Inaugural Address?
He insisted the conflict lay with Southerners, not the government.
Card 410
What led to the end of the illusion of a short Civil War?
The Union's defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run.
Card 411
What did the Union blockade achieve?
It created shortages and weakened Confederate resources.
Card 412
How did the Emancipation Proclamation enlarge the purpose of the war?
It added weight to the fight against slavery, not just secession.
Card 413
How were freedpeople impacted at the end of the Civil War by land policies?
Most lost promised lands like '40 acres and a mule.'
Card 414
Why was the Civil Rights Act of 1866 important?
It nullified the Dred Scott decision and opposed Black Codes.
Card 415
How did African Americans adjust to freedom post-Civil War?
Faced challenges securing economic survival and political rights.
Card 416
What were the demands boosted by women during the war?
Women demanded equal voting rights.
Card 417
What significant Supreme Court actions occurred post-Reconstruction?
The Supreme Court struck down laws protecting Black rights, undermining Reconstruction achievements.
Card 418
What line of reasoning can be used in discussing the impact of railroads on the Civil War?
Comparison of regional ties.
Card 419
What did the Massachusetts Legislature resolve about the Mexican War's origins?
The Massachusetts Legislature viewed the Mexican War as unjust, driven by aims to extend slavery and punitive action.
Card 420
Why did Americans migrate to Texas in the 1820s and 1830s?
To farm in oppressively sparse regions and seek opportunities.
Card 421
How did Salt Lake City grow?
It offered supplies for travelers on overland trails.
Card 422
How did the Wilmot Proviso affect views on slavery in new territories?
It aimed to prevent slavery in new U.S. territories.
Card 423
Why did the Wilmot Proviso increase sectional feelings?
Its defeat highlighted sectional tensions between North and South regions.
Card 424
How did Irish immigrants primarily sustain themselves in the mid-1800s?
Through low-skill jobs and competing with African Americans.
Card 425
What was the impact of Uncle Tom's Cabin in the North and South?
It moved Northerners and Europeans against slavery; Southerners condemned it.
Card 426
Why did the Whig Party face internal conflict in 1852?
Conflicts between antislavery and Southern factions grew.
Card 427
What party did the Know-Nothings align with?
With the Know-Nothing Party.
Card 428
Which event marked the rejection of Lincoln's call for peace?
The attack on Fort Sumter by South Carolina signified rejection.
Card 429
What did the Confederacy hope for by invading a Union state like Maryland?
Convince Britain to support the Confederate cause.
Card 430
What was a key aim of the Confederacy's strategy?
To win recognition and support from Great Britain.
Card 431
What was the effect of the Emancipation Proclamation on Union forces?
Many former slaves escaped to Union lines, impacting the army's strength.
Card 432
What were the economic conditions in the South post-Civil War?
Devastation included loss of livestock and infrastructure.
Card 433
What role did Black churches play in the post-war era?
They became independent centers of community life and leadership.
Card 434
How did the Reconstruction era lay groundwork for the civil rights movement?
It established foundational amendments and institutions for future civil rights efforts.
Card 435
How did the Civil Rights Movement relate to Reconstruction?
The movement fulfilled unresolved goals of Reconstruction, advancing African American rights in the mid-20th century.
Card 436
How did Confederate efforts to gain international support impact the Civil War outcome?
It was a primary reason the Union won.
Card 437
How did the Mexican government respond to American settlers in Texas?
Closed Texas to further American immigration and tried to enforce laws.
Card 438
What caused the growth of U.S. trade in the mid-1800s?
Growth in manufactured goods and agricultural products increased trade.
Card 439
What did Polk's desire to expand to the Pacific Ocean lead to with Mexico?
Brought the two nations to the edge of war.
Card 440
What economic ambitions did the U.S. have relating to the Pacific during the Mexican-American War?
To secure trade routes and prevent European influence in California.
Card 441
Why did Irish immigrants face discrimination?
Due to their Roman Catholic faith and fear as low-wage competitors.
Card 442
How did Southern states react to the Impending Crisis of the South?
They banned the book but it was distributed in the North.
Card 443
What was the political impact of the slavery controversy in the 1850s?
It increased instability and weakened parties.
Card 444
What did the Supreme Court claim about the Missouri Compromise?
It claimed the Compromise was unconstitutional.
Card 445
What Republican position caused fear among Southern defenders of slavery?
The extension of slavery into territories caused the greatest fear.
Card 446
What happened at the Second Battle of Bull Run?
Lee struck Pope's army and sent it back to Bull Run.
Card 447
What does George Templeton Strong's diary suggest about England's position?
It indicates England's conflicted stance on supporting the Confederacy.
Card 448
Why were Confiscation Acts significant during the Civil War?
They deprived the Confederacy of labor and pressured the Union on slavery.
Card 449
How did regional conflicts persist after the Civil War?
Conflicts continued over political and economic systems.
Card 450
What was the goal of Black educational institutions during Reconstruction?
To prepare African American community leaders and educators.
Card 451
What did Lincoln suggest about the voting rights for freedmen?
He preferred voting rights be granted to the intelligent and those who served as soldiers.
Card 452
What continuity and change did Reconstruction cause in American identity?
Reconstruction altered views on American identity by challenging regional norms and integrating African Americans politically.
Card 453
Which amendments were part of Reconstruction?
13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments.
Card 454
What was the result of the Battle of the San Jacinto River?
Texas gained its independence from Mexico.
Card 455
What change did shipping firms make to encourage trade?
They established a regular schedule for Atlantic trade departures.
Card 456
How did the acquisition of western lands increase tensions in the U.S.?
Led to tensions that contributed to the Civil War.
Card 457
What hope did most Americans have despite the growing tensions over slavery?
They hoped for a compromise to keep the Union together.
Card 458
Where did many Irish immigrants settle in the United States?
Northern cities like Boston, New York, and Philadelphia.
Card 459
What arguments did Southern Whites use to defend slavery?
Slavery was defended as beneficial, biblical, and constitutional.
Card 460
What was the main cause of the 'Failure of Compromise'?
Different views on slavery morality, state rights, and economics.
Card 461
What was Stephen Douglas defending in his 1854 speech?
The Kansas-Nebraska Bill.
Card 462
What issues were at stake in the Civil War according to James M. McPherson?
Preservation of the Union and transformation of the United States were key issues.
Card 463
How did improved weaponry affect military strategy in the Civil War?
Made charges against entrenched positions deadly and costly.
Card 464
What was the Anaconda Plan?
A strategy to blockade Southern ports and control the Mississippi.
Card 465
How did financial concerns affect Lincolns views on abolition?
Concerns about political backlash influenced his cautious approach.
Card 466
What was the Republican economic goal post-Civil War?
Continue economic progress made during the war.
Card 467
What motivated African Americans to migrate to frontier states post-war?
Desire for independence and to establish new communities.
Card 468
How was Grant's presidency affected by his loyalty to corrupt men?
His presidency was tarnished by scandals though he did not personally profit.
Card 469
Who were key figures in the Election of 1876?
Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel J. Tilden were the main candidates in the contentious 1876 election.
Card 470
What significant events or trends from 1844-1877 shaped American values?
Events like Reconstruction and Manifest Destiny.
Card 471
Why was Texas annexation initially denied by the U.S. government?
Due to Northern opposition to slavery's expansion and fear of war with Mexico.
Card 472
What institution models did pioneers establish in new communities?
Schools, churches, clubs, and political parties based on Eastern and native models.
Card 473
What was John L. O'Sullivan's perspective on Manifest Destiny?
He believed it spread democratic ideals and civilization.
Card 474
What was a major goal of American expansionism between 1840 and 1855?
Expanding territory to enhance national power and influence.
Card 475
What was Harriet Beecher Stowe's inspiration for 'Uncle Tom's Cabin'?
She believed it was divinely inspired.
Card 476
What was the effect of the Kansas-Nebraska Act on political tensions?
It reignited tensions over slavery, disrupting political peace.
Card 477
How did the Democrats handle the issue of slavery in territories?
They found themselves unable to avoid the slavery issue.
Card 478
What were opponents of Douglas concerned about?
Repeal of a longstanding law that held the Union together.
Card 479
What was the outcome of Union's sea and river engagements in 1862?
They were disastrous for the Union except for successful engagements at sea and on rivers.
Card 480
Who was involved in the key battles of the Civil War?
Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant, and others featured prominently.
Card 481
Why was the draft controversial in the Northern states?
Fear of job loss among immigrants and unfair exemptions spurred opposition.
Card 482
How did Southern aristocrats seek to reshape their economy post-war?
They wanted low-cost labor for plantations.
Card 483
What was the result of the Election of 1872?
Grant won reelection in a landslide despite reforms proposed by the Liberal Republicans.
Card 484
What impact did Reconstruction legislation have on African American communities?
Reconstruction legislation led to the creation of institutions pivotal for later civil rights advances in African American communities.