Cognition
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Cognition
Study 128 flashcards by ADMIN_. Use the interactive review above or scan this static preview for quick reference.
This flashcard set focuses on various psychological concepts related to perception, memory, and intelligence. Learners will practice key terms such as top-down and bottom-up processing, schemas, and memory types, enhancing their understanding of cognitive processes. The set also covers heuristics, biases, and the nature versus nurture debate, providing a comprehensive overview of how we think, remember, and assess intelligence. Ideal for those studying psychology, this resource aids in grasping the complexities of mental functions and their implications.
Card 1
Top-Down Processing
whole idea first (based on prior expectations) then broken into smaller parts
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Bottom-Up Processing
sensory details first, then combined into a whole idea
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Schemas
preexisting mental frameworks for understanding the world
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Perceptual Set
tendency to perceive things based on expectations; speeds processing
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Gestalt Psychology
the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
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Figure-Ground
organizing visual info into objects that stand out from background
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Closure
filling in gaps to create a complete image
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Proximity
grouping nearby objects together
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Similarity
grouping objects based on appearance
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Constancy
perceiving objects as unchanged despite changes in sensory input
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Apparent Movement
illusion of motion when none exists
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Selective Attention
focusing on one thing while ignoring others
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Inattentional Blindness
failure to notice visible objects when attention is elsewhere
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Change Blindness
failure to notice changes in environment
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Cocktail Party Effect
ability to focus on one stimulus (like your name) among many
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Retinal Disparity
difference between images in each eye used for depth perception
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Convergence
eyes turning inward to focus on close objects
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Interposition
overlapping objects appear closer
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Relative Size
smaller-looking objects are perceived as farther away
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Linear Perspective
parallel lines appear to converge with distance
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Relative Clarity
blurry objects appear farther away
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Texture Gradient
coarse textures appear closer
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Concepts
mental groupings of similar objects, events, or ideas
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Prototypes
ideal or best example of a concept
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Algorithms
step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution
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Heuristics
mental shortcuts for quick judgments
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Representative Heuristic
judging likelihood based on similarity to a prototype
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Availability Heuristic
judging likelihood based on how easily examples come to mind
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Metacognition
thinking about one’s own thinking
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Mental Set
tendency to use the same strategy repeatedly
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Functional Fixedness
inability to see new uses for familiar objects
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Sunk Cost Fallacy
continuing something because of prior investment
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Gambler’s Fallacy
belief that past events affect random outcomes
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Divergent Thinking
generating many possible solutions (creative thinking)
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Convergent Thinking
narrowing options to one correct answer
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Executive Functioning
planning, organizing, and carrying out goal-directed behavior
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Automatic Encoding
unconscious encoding of information
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Effortful Encoding
requires attention and effort
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Levels of Processing
deeper processing leads to better memory
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Structural Encoding
shallow processing based on appearance
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Phonemic Encoding
processing based on sound
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Semantic Encoding
deep processing based on meaning
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Elaborative Rehearsal
linking new info to existing knowledge
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Imagery
using mental pictures to remember
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Dual Encoding
combining visual and verbal information
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Chunking
grouping information into manageable units
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Mnemonics
memory aids for easier recall
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Acronyms
using first letters to form a word
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Method of Loci
associating items with locations
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Context-Dependent Memory
recall improved in same environment as learning
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State-Dependent Memory
recall improved in same physical state
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Mood-Congruent Memory
recall matches current mood
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Forgetting Curve
rapid initial forgetting, then levels off
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Distributed Practice
spreading study over time
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Massed Practice
cramming
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Testing Effect
improved memory through self-testing
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Multi-Store Model
memory system of sensory, short-term, and long-term memory
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Sensory Memory
brief storage of sensory input
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Iconic Memory
visual memory lasting ~0.3 seconds
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Echoic Memory
auditory memory lasting 2–3 seconds
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Short-Term Memory
holds information briefly (7±2 items)
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Maintenance Rehearsal
repeating info to retain it
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Long-Term Memory
relatively permanent storage
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Explicit Memory
conscious recall
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Episodic Memory
memory of events
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Semantic Memory
memory of facts
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Implicit Memory
unconscious memory
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Classical Conditioning
learning through association
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Priming
prior exposure influences recall
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Procedural Memory
memory for skills
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Working Memory Model
divides STM into components
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Visuospatial Sketchpad
visual/spatial processing
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Phonological Loop
auditory/verbal processing
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Central Executive
coordinates information
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Prospective Memory
remembering to perform future tasks
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Autobiographical Memory
personal life memories
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Superior Autobiographical Memory
rare ability to recall detailed life events
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Memory Hierarchies
organizing memory into categories
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Semantic Networks
interconnected concepts
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Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon
temporary inability to retrieve known info
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Assimilation
incorporating new info into existing schemas
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Accommodation
adjusting schemas for new info
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Acetylcholine
neurotransmitter important for memory
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Infantile Amnesia
inability to recall early childhood memories
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Cerebellum
involved in procedural memory
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Amygdala
processes emotional memories
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Frontal Lobe
involved in encoding and retrieval
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Long-Term Potentiation
strengthening of neural connections
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Memory Consolidation
stabilizing memories over time
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Recall
retrieving info without cues
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Recognition
identifying info with cues
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Repressed Memories
unconsciously blocked memories
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Encoding Failure
failure to process info into memory
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Proactive Interference
old information blocks new information
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Retroactive Interference
new information blocks old information
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Constructive Memory
memory is reconstructed and can be inaccurate
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Source Amnesia
forgetting the origin of information
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Misinformation Effect
memory distortion from misleading info
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Framing
how information presentation influences perception
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Imagination Inflation
imagining events increases belief they occurred
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Anterograde Amnesia
inability to form new memories
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Retrograde Amnesia
loss of past memories
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General Intelligence (g factor)
overall mental ability underlying all skills
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Multiple Intelligences
theory that intelligence has multiple domains
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IQ (Intelligence Quotient)
measure of intelligence
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Mental Age
level of intellectual performance
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Chronological Age
actual age
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Standardization
consistent testing procedures
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Reliability
consistency of test results
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Split-Half Reliability
comparing two halves of a test
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Test-Retest Reliability
consistency over time
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Validity
accuracy of a test
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Construct Validity
measures what it intends to
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Predictive Validity
predicts future performance
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Normal Distribution
bell-shaped curve of scores
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Standard Deviation
measure of score variability
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Aptitude Test
predicts future ability
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Achievement Test
measures learned knowledge
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Nature vs Nurture
genetic vs environmental influences
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Genetics
inherited traits affecting intelligence
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Environment
external influences on development
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Eugenics
attempt to improve genetics through selective reproduction
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Cultural Bias
unfair advantage/disadvantage in testing
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Stereotype Threat
fear of confirming negative stereotypes affecting performance
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Stereotype Lift
improved performance when comparing to negatively stereotyped groups
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Flynn Effect
rise in IQ scores over time
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Fixed Mindset
belief intelligence is static
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Growth Mindset
belief intelligence can improve