APUSH Unit 1
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APUSH Unit 1
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This flashcard set explores the European encounters in the Americas from 1491 to 1607, focusing on cultural exchanges and important historical events. Learners will study key topics such as the impact of the Columbian Exchange, the role of figures like Columbus and Bartolom de Las Casas, and the dynamics of Native American interactions with European settlers. Through this material, students will gain insights into the complexities of colonization, cultural adaptations, and the economic motivations driving exploration and settlement.
Card 1
How did horses affect the Lakota Sioux?
They enabled the tribes to follow buffalo herds more easily.
Card 2
What mistake did Columbus make regarding his voyage?
Columbus mistakenly believed he had found a shorter route to Asia.
Card 3
What was the Columbian Exchange?
The transfer of plants, animals, and germs between the Americas and Europe, Africa, and Asia.
Card 4
What date did Emperor Charles V of Spain issue the colonial charter?
August 18, 1518.
Card 5
Who was Bartolom de Las Casas?
Bartolom de Las Casas was a Spanish priest who advocated for better treatment of Native Americans.
Card 6
Who wrote 'The Discovery of the North Part of Virginia'?
John Brereton.
Card 7
When did the first people arrive in the Americas?
The first people arrived in the Americas at least 10,000 years ago.
Card 8
What enabled plains tribes to merge or split?
Changing conditions and common migration practices.
Card 9
Why was slave trading profitable for Europeans?
Slave trading was profitable due to the use of enslaved labor on sugar plantations.
Card 10
How did the Columbian Exchange transform diets in Eurasia?
It introduced new foods like beans, corn, and potatoes, spurring population growth.
Card 11
How did the Spanish Empire's growth affect North American social structures?
It shaped economic and social structures significantly over time.
Card 12
What did the New Laws of 1542 aim to achieve?
The New Laws of 1542 aimed to end Indian slavery, halt forced labor, and abolish the encomienda system.
Card 13
What was a key observation by John Brereton about New England?
New England has a healthy environment.
Card 14
Why was Columbuss first voyage significant in world history?
Columbus's voyage in 1492 initiated lasting contact between the Atlantic's opposite sides, changing global interaction.
Card 15
Where did the Apaches migrate from and to?
From Canada to Texas.
Card 16
What political changes occurred in 15th century Europe?
Small kingdoms united into larger ones, and empires began to break up.
Card 17
What diseases did Europeans bring to the Americas?
Smallpox and measles.
Card 18
On what was Spanish dominance in the Americas based?
More than a papal ruling and a treaty.
Card 19
What was the outcome of the Valladolid Debate?
Neither side clearly persuaded the audience, but Las Casas established arguments for justice for Indians.
Card 20
How did Brereton describe the climate's impact on the settlers' health?
It renewed and increased the settlers' health and strength.
Card 21
What marked the beginning of the framework of a new nation in 1607?
The founding of Jamestown, Virginia, marked the beginning of a new nation's framework.
Card 22
What defined the Woodland American Indians' prosperity?
A rich food supply supported by hunting, fishing, and agriculture.
Card 23
Which two regions united to form modern Spain?
Castile and Aragon united to form the core of modern Spain.
Card 24
How did the Columbian Exchange affect Native American populations?
Native populations declined rapidly due to lack of immunity to new diseases.
Card 25
Who were the notable leaders who began the Spanish Empire?
Ferdinand and Isabella.
Card 26
Who argued Indians were morally equal to Europeans at the Valladolid Debate?
Bartolom de Las Casas argued that Indians were morally equal to Europeans.
Card 27
How did geography and climate affect Native American cultures?
Geographical and climate differences led Native American cultures to develop distinct traits responsive to their environments.
Card 28
What is the Adena-Hopewell culture known for?
Large earthen mounds, some 300 feet long.
Card 29
What happened to the Holy Roman Empire in the 15th century?
The Holy Roman Empire began to break up into smaller states.
Card 30
What economic changes followed the Columbian Exchange in Europe?
It encouraged trade, leading to economic, political, and social changes.
Card 31
What were the roles of Indians and enslaved Africans in Spanish expansion?
They provided labor for Spain's wealth expansion.
Card 32
Why did Europeans explore the Americas?
Europeans explored the Americas for spreading Christianity, wealth, and establishing trading and resource extraction bases.
Card 33
Where was Cahokia located?
Near present-day East St. Louis, Illinois.
Card 34
What are nation-states?
Nation-states are countries where people share a common culture and loyalty to a central government.
Card 35
What system declined in Europe due to new trade dynamics?
Feudalism.
Card 36
What was the significance of the journey by Vasco Nez de Balboa?
It marked the first European view of the Pacific Ocean from the New World.
Card 37
How did English settlements differ from Spanish ones in relation to Native Americans?
English settled in areas without large native empires and expelled instead of subjugated Native Americans.
Card 38
What limitation does Brereton's account have?
It omits information about indigenous people.
Card 39
What was the Columbian Exchange?
The Columbian Exchange was the transatlantic trade of animals, plants, and germs between Europe and the Americas.
Card 40
What was a characteristic feature of the Northeast settlements?
Longhouses up to 200 feet where multiple families lived.
Card 41
Why did monarchs of emerging nation-states depend on trade?
They depended on trade to bring in needed revenues.
Card 42
What is capitalism?
An economic system where capital control is more important than land control.
Card 43
Who led the conquest of the Aztecs in Mexico?
Hernn Corts.
Card 44
What role did disease play in English-Native American relations?
European diseases had already reduced the indigenous population before English colonists arrived.
Card 45
What might have influenced Brereton's positive depiction of New England?
He might emphasize positive aspects to encourage colonization.
Card 46
What impact did the Columbian Exchange have on Europe and the Americas?
The Columbian Exchange introduced American crops to Europe and European diseases that caused epidemics in the Americas.
Card 47
What kind of union did the Iroquois form?
The Iroquois Confederation, a powerful political union.
Card 48
How did the monarchs justify their rule in emerging nation-states?
They relied on the church to justify their right to rule.
Card 49
How did joint-stock companies work?
They allowed many investors to share risks, promoting economic growth.
Card 50
Who conquered the Inca Empire in Peru?
Francisco Pizarro.
Card 51
What was the nature of early English-Native American interactions in Massachusetts?
Initially, English and Native Americans coexisted, traded, and shared knowledge.
Card 52
Why did the English found colonies, according to the secondary source?
For material and spiritual goals.
Card 53
How were enslaved Africans added to the diversity of the Americas?
Enslaved Africans were brought to the Americas by Europeans for low-cost labor, impacting cultures and economies.
Card 54
Who lived on the Atlantic Seaboard?
The Coastal Plains people like the Cherokee and Lumbee.
Card 55
Why did Western European monarchs search for overseas riches?
They sought riches and aimed to spread Christianity abroad.
Card 56
Who initially viewed Columbus as a failure and why?
Many Spaniards viewed him as a failure for not finding a route to Asia or wealth.
Card 57
How did conquistadores contribute to Spain's wealth?
By sending gold and silver from Mexico and Peru to Spain.
Card 58
Why did peaceful relations between English settlers and Native Americans deteriorate?
Conflict and warfare arose as English settlers viewed Native cultures as 'savage' and seized land.
Card 59
What were the two main goals for English settlers in America?
Material wealth and spiritual reasons.
Card 60
How did Native Americans resist European domination?
Native Americans resisted by maintaining cultural elements amidst European attempts at domination.
Card 61
How were timber and bark lodgings significant?
They were built along rivers and provided rich food sources.
Card 62
Which two countries first claimed territories in the Americas?
Spain and Portugal first claimed territories in the Americas.
Card 63
What change occurred in Columbus's reputation by 1934?
Columbus's reputation improved, with October 12th becoming a national holiday.
Card 64
What impact did the new gold and silver have on Spain?
It made Spain the richest and most powerful kingdom in Europe.
Card 65
How did the English handle the land occupied by Native Americans?
The English expelled Native Americans from the coast to inland territories.
Card 66
What role did the Spanish and Portuguese play in developing colonies?
Spanish and Portuguese founded colonies relying on labor from natives and enslaved Africans for agriculture and mining.
Card 67
What did the variety of landforms lead to in Native American societies?
Widely different cultures among North Americans.
Card 68
What was the Line of Demarcation?
The Line of Demarcation was a vertical line dividing claims between Spain and Portugal.
Card 69
Why did other states turn to the Americas?
To search for gold and power.
Card 70
How did the French view Native Americans?
The French viewed Native Americans as economic and military allies.
Card 71
Why did Spain become the wealthiest empire in the 16th and 17th centuries?
Vast amounts of silver from Mexican and South American mines made Spain the wealthiest empire in the 16th and 17th centuries.
Card 72
What was the shared identity development among tribes?
Tribes developed it much later in history.
Card 73
What did the Treaty of Tordesillas establish?
It moved the line of demarcation west, allowing Portugal to claim Brazil.
Card 74
What view do some revisionists hold of Columbus?
He is seen as a conqueror and religious fanatic.
Card 75
What was the encomienda system?
A system where natives worked for Spaniards on granted lands.
Card 76
Why did the French have better relations with Native Americans compared to other Europeans?
The French had fewer colonists and thus posed less of a threat, maintaining better relations with tribes.
Card 77
What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?
The Treaty of Tordesillas divided Spanish and Portuguese claims in the Americas.
Card 78
What did Native Americans develop prior to European contact?
Systems of trade, cities, monumental architecture, and religious beliefs.
Card 79
What was John Cabot's contribution to England's claims in the Americas?
John Cabot explored the Newfoundland coast under England's king.
Card 80
How did the Spanish exploit Indian labor?
By incorporating them into their empire as workers.
Card 81
What role did French soldiers play in Native American conflicts?
French soldiers helped the Huron fight the Iroquois.
Card 82
How did American Indians interact with their environment before European contact?
Native populations adapted to environments by developing tribes with distinct languages and cultures before European contact.
Card 83
What military technologies did Native Americans lack before European contact?
Guns, swords, or gunpowder were not developed.
Card 84
Why did England delay exploration after Cabot's voyages?
England faced domestic challenges, such as religious conflict.
Card 85
What were the consequences of Columbus's voyages?
World history changed direction, with lasting global consequences.
Card 86
What replaced Indian labor as disease decimated native populations?
Enslaved African labor.
Card 87
How did Native Americans respond to European expansion?
Native Americans allied with Europeans or migrated to protect their cultures.
Card 88
What is a potential bias in Brereton's account?
It might selectively highlight positives for investment.
Card 89
Where did migrants from Asia likely cross to reach the Americas?
Migrants from Asia likely crossed a land bridge once connecting Siberia and Alaska, now submerged under the Bering Sea.
Card 90
What caused the variety of social and political systems?
Variations in the natural environment.
Card 91
How did England challenge Spain in the 16th century?
England raided Spanish shipping and settlements under Queen Elizabeth I.
Card 92
How did the cultivation of Old World products affect Europe?
It lowered the prices of products like sugar and coffee, fueling Europe's rise.
Card 93
What was the asiento system?
A system requiring taxes for importing enslaved people.
Card 94
What was a challenge faced by Native Americans migrating westward?
Migrating west often led to conflicts with tribes already living there.
Card 95
What is the main argument of Walter McDougall's excerpt?
English settlers came to America for diverse reasons.
Card 96
How did the population of the Americas adapt by 1491?
By 1491, populations adapted into tribes, speaking hundreds of languages, across varied environments from the Arctic to South America.
Card 97
How long was the Iroquois Confederation active?
From the 16th century through the American Revolution.
Card 98
What was the outcome of Sir Walter Raleigh's attempt at colonization?
The attempt to colonize Roanoke Island failed.
Card 99
What were the negative impacts of the Columbian Exchange on Africa?
Depopulation and the demand for labor led to the transatlantic slave trade.
Card 100
What was one consequence of the transatlantic slave trade?
More Africans than Europeans crossed the Atlantic.
Card 101
Why didn't Native Americans present a unified resistance to European expansion?
Strong tribal loyalties meant no unified response to European settlers.
Card 102
What were the three highly developed civilizations in Central and South America?
The Mayas, Aztecs, and Incas were major civilizations with advanced societies in Central and South America.
Card 103
What major event did Columbus's voyages initiate?
Contact and exchange between Europe and the Americas.
Card 104
What inspired French explorations in the 16th century?
The French sought a northwest passage to Asia through the Americas.
Card 105
What was the Middle Passage?
The journey enslaved Africans endured across the Atlantic.
Card 106
What was one cultural contribution of Africans in America?
Africans contributed to agriculture, particularly rice farming, in colonies like South Carolina and Louisiana.
Card 107
What characterized the civilizations of the Mayas, Aztecs, and Incas?
They had highly organized societies, extensive trade, and scientific calendars; Mayas and Aztecs cultivated corn, Incas grew potatoes.
Card 108
How did the Renaissance aid exploration?
Classical learning sparked artistic and scientific activity.
Card 109
Which river did Jacques Cartier extensively explore?
Cartier explored the St. Lawrence River.
Card 110
What did David E. Stannard describe about Columbus's beliefs?
Columbus held strong and determined beliefs in spreading Christianity.
Card 111
How did Africans resist slavery in the Americas?
By running away, sabotaging work, or revolting.
Card 112
How did Africans influence music in the Americas?
Africans influenced music through rhythms, singing styles, and the banjo.
Card 113
What role did opportunities play in the settlers' motivation according to McDougall?
They provided greater prosperity and religious freedom.
Card 114
What was the population range of North America in the 1490s?
The population was estimated to be between under 1 million to over 10 million in the 1490s.
Card 115
What was the impact of the printing press in the 1450s?
It aided the spread of knowledge across Europe.
Card 116
What delayed France's colonial ambitions in the Americas?
France was preoccupied with European wars and internal conflict with Huguenots.
Card 117
What evidence refutes Stannard's view of Columbus?
Statements from Spaniards or benefits from Columbus's voyages could refute it.
Card 118
What was the Spanish caste system based on?
On hereditary and ethnic background.
Card 119
What justification did Europeans use for slavery?
Europeans cited the Bible and claimed Africans were biologically inferior to justify slavery.
Card 120
How did corn (maize) influence North American societies?
The spread of corn allowed larger, settled populations and more socially diverse societies in North America.
Card 121
What religious conflicts were prominent in Renaissance Europe?
Conflicts between Catholics and opposing groups such as Ottoman Turks.
Card 122
What was one cause of European colonization in the 15th and 16th centuries?
The search for new trade routes and resources led to European colonization.
Card 123
How did the Columbian Exchange impact global farming?
It enabled more people globally to live off the land through new crops.
Card 124
Who were at the top of the Spanish colonial society?
Pure-blooded Spaniards.
Card 125
Who used similar arguments to justify the enslavement of Native Americans and Africans?
Juan Gins de Seplveda and Europeans used arguments to justify enslavement of both Native Americans and Africans.
Card 126
When and where was Brereton's account produced?
England in the early 17th century.
Card 127
Why did some populous societies in North America disappear by the 15th century?
The reasons for the disappearance of some populous societies by the 15th century are not well understood.
Card 128
Which monarchs reunited Spain in the 15th century?
Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon.
Card 129
What effect did European colonization have in the Americas?
European colonization led to widespread cultural and resource exchanges.
Card 130
How did the Columbian Exchange influence farm productivity?
New plants and animals led to the largest improvement since the agricultural revolution.
Card 131
What was the makeup of the middle class in the Spanish colonial system?
People with mixed European, Native American, and African heritage.
Card 132
What was a significant effect of Spain's policy toward Native Americans from 14921607?
Spain's policy led to the encomienda system and harsh treatment of Native Americans.
Card 133
What does a historian need to evaluate when analyzing reliability?
Evaluate the reliability of the author and the document.
Card 134
What roles did men and women have in Native American societies?
Men typically made tools and hunted; women gathered plants and cultivated crops like corn, beans, and tobacco.
Card 135
What was the Protestant Reformation?
A revolt against the authority of the pope in Rome.
Card 136
How did the Columbian Exchange begin?
The Columbian Exchange began with Columbus bringing together the New and Old Worlds.
Card 137
What labor demand arose from the Columbian Exchange's impacts?
The demand for labor to grow Old World crops fueled the slave trade.
Card 138
Who were at the bottom of the Spanish caste system?
People of pure Indian or Black heritage.
Card 139
What was an effect of a European policy other than Spain's on Native Americans from 14921607?
English policies resulted in trade and eventual conflict, pushing Native Americans off their lands.
Card 140
What kind of tasks do long essay questions require according to the checklist?
Asserting a defensible claim with evidence.
Card 141
How diverse were American Indian languages compared to European languages?
American Indian languages constituted over 20 language families, with over 400 distinct languages, unlike the single family Indo-European languages.
Card 142
How did the Protestant and Catholic conflict affect exploration?
It added a religious motive to political and economic motives.
Card 143
What was Columbus's goal in sailing westward?
Columbus aimed to find a sea route to Asian trade.
Card 144
What permission did Spanish authorities give regarding slaves?
They permitted 4,000 Christian slaves to be taken to the Indies.
Card 145
How did the Spanish justify ruling over Native Americans?
By claiming superiority in prudence, skill, and humanity.
Card 146
What was one reaction of Native Americans to European policies during 14921607?
Native Americans formed alliances or migrated in response to European policies.
Card 147
What characterized the Southwest settlements?
Southwest settlements evolved multifaceted societies, developed irrigation, and had complex social classes due to maize cultivation.
Card 148
Why were new trade routes sought in the 15th century?
Ottoman Turks' control of Constantinople blocked overland trade routes.
Card 149
What innovations supported European exploration?
Improved shipbuilding, compasses, and mapmaking supported exploration.
Card 150
What was the impact of new European diseases in the Americas?
They caused massive depopulation among Native Americans.
Card 151
What was the goal of Francisco Coronado in exploring Mexico?
To find natural resources for Spain.
Card 152
What was a cause for European exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries?
Desires for economic gain and spreading Christianity spurred European exploration.
Card 153
What challenges did Northwest settlements face?
High mountain ranges isolated Northwest tribes, preventing extensive development despite a rich diet and cultural practices.
Card 154
Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?
A Portuguese prince who sponsored exploratory voyages.
Card 155
How long did Columbus wait for financial support?
Columbus waited eight years for financial backing.
Card 156
Who primarily supported Spanish and Portuguese explorers?
Monarchs.
Card 157
What is the Columbian Exchange?
The Columbian Exchange was the transfer of goods, crops, and cultures between the New and Old Worlds.
Card 158
How did people adapt to the Great Basin and Great Plains regions?
Nomadic tribes in these regions relied on buffalo hunting and trade, and some lived permanently in earthen lodges with agriculture.
Card 159
What achievement is Vasco da Gama known for?
Being the first European to reach India by sea.
Card 160
What title was Columbus granted by Isabella and Ferdinand?
He was made governor, admiral, and viceroy of claimed lands.
Card 161
What was a cultural difference between Europeans and Native Americans?
Europeans believed in a single god; Natives honored many deities.
Card 162
How did the Columbian Exchange affect Native Americans and Europeans?
It had both beneficial and harmful effects on both Native Americans and Europeans.
Card 163
When did American Indians acquire horses?
American Indians acquired horses in the 17th century by trading or stealing from Spanish settlers.
Card 164
When did Columbus first land in the Bahamas?
Columbus landed in the Bahamas on October 12, 1492.
Card 165
What did Columbus want to achieve with Native Americans?
To develop a friendly relationship and convert them to Christianity.
Card 166
Why is it important to evaluate and reread your essay?
To ensure maximum points and adherence to the rubric.
Card 167
What was the significance of the Jamestown settlement?
Jamestown's founding marked the first permanent English settlement, crucial for the new nation's development.
Card 168
What were the results of Columbus's subsequent voyages?
He found little gold, few spices, and no route to Asia.
Card 169
What labor system did the Spanish use in the Americas?
The encomienda system.
Card 170
What does an effective long essay response include based on directions?
A defensible thesis, context relevance, and evidence support.
Card 171
What were the motives for Europeans to establish colonies in the Americas?
Europeans established colonies for land, resources, spreading religion, and creating trade routes or profits.
Card 172
What economic system did the Spanish implement that involved enslaved Africans?
The asiento system.
Card 173
What did the Columbian Exchange introduce to Europe?
The Columbian Exchange introduced crops like corn, potatoes, and tomatoes to Europe, significantly affecting diets.
Card 174
What explorer's journey demonstrated the potential of sugar plantations?
Portuguese plantations off the African coast.
Card 175
What does the thesis of an essay require according to the checklist?
A defensible claim and line of reasoning.
Card 176
What caused epidemics in the Americas post-1492?
European-introduced germs caused native population declines, often reducing numbers by 90% within a century post-contact.
Card 177
How did the Spanish manage diversity in their colonies?
By developing a caste system.
Card 178
How did enslaved Africans contribute to American culture?
Enslaved Africans preserved cultural elements and influenced American cultures while providing labor on plantations and mines.
Card 179
What was one form of African resistance to slavery?
By running away, work sabotage, and revolts.
Card 180
What is one possible prompt for a long essay regarding Native American societies?
Evaluate environment's impact on societies by 1491.
Card 181
What was the encomienda system?
The encomienda system was a Spanish method of subjugating Native Americans for labor.
Card 182
What cultural aspects did enslaved Africans maintain?
Music, religion, and folkways.
Card 183
How did the Columbian Exchange alter diets globally?
It diversified and enriched European diets with new staples, profoundly impacting agriculture and cuisine.
Card 184
How long did Europeans and Native Americans interact violently?
On a larger scale for a longer time than prior conflicts.
Card 185
What does the essay checklist advise regarding the introduction?
Relate the thesis to broader historical trends.
Card 186
What was the impact of the transatlantic slave trade?
The transatlantic slave trade expanded, adding to the demographic and cultural diversity of the Americas.
Card 187
What was the European view of Native Americans in the Americas?
As inferior people to exploit and convert.
Card 188
How did Native Americans transform their environments?
Native Americans built irrigation systems and used fire for agriculture, adapting their environment to their needs.
Card 189
What rights did Native American women have in some tribes?
Decision-making in tribes.
Card 190
What were the social structures like in North American native societies?
North America had simpler social structures and smaller populations compared to Central and South America due to slower maize cultivation.
Card 191
What approach did Europeans use for land rights?
Legal documents.
Card 192
How did tribes in the Great Basin and Great Plains support themselves?
Great Basin and Great Plains tribes survived using buffalo, living nomadically or in earthen lodges, with some agriculture and trade.
Card 193
What did the Europeans seek from the Native Americans besides conversion to Christianity?
Exploitation for economic gain, conversion, and military alliance.
Card 194
What are totem poles and who used them?
Totem poles, used by Northwest tribes, were carved to record stories, legends, and myths.