APUSH Unit 3
451 Terms • by PlueyBluey
Review Mode
1/451
Flashcard review
APUSH Unit 3
Study 451 flashcards by PlueyBluey. Use the interactive review above or scan this static preview for quick reference.
This flashcard set explores the formative events and ideas that influenced the development of the United States from the 13 colonies to the early Republic. Learners will practice key concepts related to the American Revolution, including significant legislation, political philosophies, and the roles of noteworthy figures. Additionally, the set covers the establishment of governmental structures, foreign policy, and social issues, providing a comprehensive overview of the early American political landscape. Through this, students will gain insights into how historical events shaped the nation's identity and governance.
Card 1
How did the 13 British colonies develop a distinct identity?
The colonies developed a distinct identity through experiences and ideas unique from Great Britain, influenced by governance changes, Enlightenment ideas, and the desire for self-government.
Card 2
What was the aim of the Albany congress?
It aimed to develop a unified government for defense and tax collection.
Card 3
What measures did Lord George Grenville push through Parliament?
He pushed through measures like the Sugar Act, Quartering Act, and Stamp Act.
Card 4
Who was Patrick Henry?
Patrick Henry was a leader in the American Revolution known for his powerful speeches against British taxation and policies.
Card 5
What earlier developments influenced the American political philosophy?
They developed representative government, voting rights, and written constitutions.
Card 6
What marked the beginning of the Revolutionary War?
The first shots fired in Lexington and Concord in 1775.
Card 7
What is Judith Sargent Murray known for advocating?
She advocated for gender equality and education reform.
Card 8
What did the term 'equality' refer to during the American Revolution?
It referred exclusively to the majority, not minorities.
Card 9
What was the perspective of Alexander Hamilton on a federal republic?
Hamilton envisioned a strong, unified federal republic promoting common interests.
Card 10
What term limits were set for the U.S. president?
The president's term was limited to four years with no limit on the number of terms.
Card 11
What are the three branches of government under the Constitution?
Legislative, executive, and judicial branches.
Card 12
Why did Washington warn against political parties?
Washington warned against political parties due to concerns about divisive sectionalism.
Card 13
What was the primary westward movement during the early Republic?
The movement of people, mainly westward, in search of land and opportunity.
Card 14
What changes led to the colonies becoming a new country?
The colonies fought against France, won independence, and formed a new government due to changes in British rule, European influences, and emerging leadership.
Card 15
Why did the Albany Plan of Union fail?
Colonies were reluctant to lose their taxation powers.
Card 16
What did the Sugar Act of 1764 involve?
It placed duties on foreign sugar and certain luxuries to raise revenue.
Card 17
What was the Stamp Act Congress?
The Stamp Act Congress was a meeting of representatives from several American colonies in 1765 to protest the Stamp Act.
Card 18
What was the significance of the break from Great Britain?
The break recognized an American philosophy based on liberty and democracy.
Card 19
How long did the Revolutionary War last?
From 1775 to 1783.
Card 20
How did women contribute during the Revolutionary War?
They organized to oppose British actions, boycotting goods and providing supplies.
Card 21
How did 'the body of the people' impact minorities during the revolution?
It empowered the majority while oppressing minorities and others.
Card 22
What was Alexander Hamilton criticizing in his 1782 statement?
Hamilton was criticizing the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.
Card 23
How is the U.S. president elected according to the Constitution?
The president is elected through the Electoral College system.
Card 24
What powers does the legislative branch have?
Making laws, passing taxes, and allocating spending.
Card 25
What was a key feature of the Federalist era in the 1790s?
It was dominated by Federalist policies and political party formation.
Card 26
What was one outcome of Washington's Farewell Address?
One outcome was the establishment of the two-term tradition for presidents.
Card 27
What did the Northwest Ordinance establish?
A mechanism for migration, settlement, public education, and outlawing slavery in new territories.
Card 28
Why is the Seven Years War also known as the French and Indian War?
The Seven Years War is called the French and Indian War because American Indians, mainly allied with the French, played a significant role in the conflict.
Card 29
What military strategy did William Pitt focus on?
Conquering Canada.
Card 30
What was the purpose of the Quartering Act?
It required colonists to provide food and lodging for British soldiers.
Card 31
What roles did the Sons and Daughters of Liberty have?
The Sons and Daughters of Liberty were groups of colonists who protested British taxation policies and advanced colonial rights.
Card 32
What key concepts were associated with the Enlightenment?
Philosophy, Enlightenment, Deism, rationalism, social contract.
Card 33
What percentage of the 13 colonies' population were American Patriots?
About 40 percent of the population.
Card 34
Who replaced men in battle in some instances during the Revolutionary War?
Women like Mary McCauley and Deborah Sampson replaced men in battle.
Card 35
What is a major irony of the American Revolution according to Ray Raphael?
It served to liberate and oppress, despite its radicalism.
Card 36
Why did Hamilton believe the Articles of Confederation should be replaced?
Hamilton believed they should be replaced with a new constitution for stronger governance.
Card 37
Why was the Electoral College system created?
To prevent too much democracy and potential mob rule.
Card 38
Who leads the executive branch and what is its role?
The president leads it; recommends and carries out laws and programs.
Card 39
Who were the main leaders of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties?
John Adams and Alexander Hamilton led the Federalists; Thomas Jefferson and James Madison led the Democratic-Republicans.
Card 40
What development during Washingtons presidency impacted his views?
The Proclamation of Neutrality most likely impacted his views.
Card 41
Why were laws like the Indian Intercourse Act created in 1790?
To place the federal government in control of legal actions with Native Americans.
Card 42
What was the significance of the British victory in 1763?
The British victory in 1763 consolidated their control over North America and reduced fears of French attacks, enhancing colonial confidence.
Card 43
What territories did Great Britain acquire in 1763?
French Canada and Spanish Florida.
Card 44
What was required by the Stamp Act of 1765?
It required revenue stamps on most printed paper in the colonies.
Card 45
Who was John Locke and why is he significant?
John Locke was a key Enlightenment thinker who influenced ideas on government and rights. He was a proponent on right to life, liberty, and property.
Card 46
What percentage of the population were Loyalists?
Around 25 percent.
Card 47
What was the economic role of women during the war?
Women ran farms and businesses, maintaining the economy.
Card 48
Who were excluded from 'the body of the people' during the Revolution?
Loyalists, pacifists, merchants, Indians, slaves.
Card 49
What did the Land Ordinance of 1785 address?
It organized the distribution of land in the Western territories.
Card 50
What power was granted to the president regarding legislation?
The president was given the power to veto acts of Congress.
Card 51
What is the role of the judicial branch?
Interprets laws and the Constitution.
Card 52
What was the Federalists' view of the Constitution?
They interpreted it loosely to create a strong central government.
Card 53
What is an example of American foreign policy avoiding war from 1789 to 1800?
The Proclamation of Neutrality is an example of avoiding war.
Card 54
How did settlers affect laws related to American Indians?
Settlers often ignored laws and treaties, bringing government support in violent disputes.
Card 55
What was the colonial reaction to British taxation post-war?
Colonists opposed increased taxation as they saw themselves as self-sufficient and were inspired by Enlightenment thinking towards self-governance.
Card 56
What was the impact of the Peace of Paris treaty in 1763?
It marked the end of French power in North America and British territorial expansion.
Card 57
How did colonists react to the Stamp Act?
Colonists protested, asserting their rights and forming the Stamp Act Congress.
Card 58
What was the Massachusetts Circular Letter?
The Massachusetts Circular Letter was a statement written by Samuel Adams in 1768 to unify the colonies against the Townshend Acts.
Card 59
What did the Resolutions of the Stamp Act Congress demand?
They demanded that no taxes be imposed without consent and called for repeal of certain acts.
Card 60
Which side had greater resources at the start of the war?
The British had greater resources.
Card 61
What did Republican Motherhood advocate for?
It called for educating women to teach republican values at home.
Card 62
How did 'the body of the people' serve as dual empowerment?
It empowered some while depriving others.
Card 63
What was significant about the Northwest Ordinance of 1787?
It established a method for admitting new states to the Union.
Card 64
When was the draft Constitution approved by the Philadelphia convention?
September 17, 1787.
Card 65
How can Congress influence the executive and judicial branches?
Pass laws, override a veto, and enact constitutional amendments.
Card 66
What was the Democratic-Republicans' stance on federal power?
They argued for states' rights and interpreted the Constitution strictly.
Card 67
What was one result of American foreign policy avoiding war from 1789 to 1800?
A positive result was the continuation of peace and trade.
Card 68
What happened at the Battle of Fallen Timbers?
A larger government force defeated a confederation of Shawnee and other American Indians in northwestern Ohio.
Card 69
How did Enlightenment thinking influence American colonists?
Enlightenment thinking bolstered American colonists calls for self-governance and greater independence from British control.
Card 70
What were the immediate effects of Britains victory in the Seven Years War?
Britain gained unchallenged supremacy, challenged Native autonomy, and became a dominant naval power.
Card 71
Who was Patrick Henry and what did he demand?
He was a lawyer who demanded recognition of citizens' rights, including no taxation without representation.
Card 72
What were Committees of Correspondence?
Committees of Correspondence were shadow governments organized by the Patriot leaders to coordinate responses to British policies.
Card 73
Who was the primary audience of the Stamp Act Congress excerpt?
The primary audience was the leaders in Parliament.
Card 74
Where were most Patriots located?
Most were in New England and Virginia.
Card 75
What did Abigail Adams request from her husband?
She asked him to consider women more favorably and generously.
Card 76
What was the original form of government after independence was declared?
The 13 colonies chose the Articles of Confederation.
Card 77
What event revealed weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation?
Shayss Rebellion exposed the inadequacies of the Articles of Confederation.
Card 78
What was required for the Constitution's ratification?
A favorable vote of nine out of thirteen states was required.
Card 79
How can the president check Congress and the judiciary?
Veto laws and appoint Supreme Court justices.
Card 80
Which foreign policy did the Federalists support?
The Federalists were pro-British.
Card 81
How did a group challenge U.S. foreign policy between 1789 and 1800?
Groups like the Democratic-Republicans challenged the government's foreign policy.
Card 82
Why did Native Americans migrate west of the Mississippi?
They faced overwhelming force, foreign diseases, and loss of hunting grounds.
Card 83
What were the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?
The Articles of Confederation established a weak national government that lacked sufficient authority, prompting the creation of a stronger constitution.
Card 84
How did the British view the colonial military after the Seven Years War?
They saw the colonists as poorly trained and unwilling to defend new frontiers.
Card 85
What was the Stamp Act Congress?
A meeting of representatives from nine colonies who protested the Stamp Act.
Card 86
What were the Intolerable Acts?
The Intolerable Acts were punitive measures imposed by Britain in response to the Boston Tea Party, including closing Boston Harbor.
Card 87
What philosophical basis was behind the Stamp Act Congress excerpt?
It was based on rejecting Parliaments authority as violating the social contract.
Card 88
How many regular troops did Washington command at one time?
No more than 20,000 troops.
Card 89
How did the American Revolution affect the institution of slavery initially?
It initially led to some abolition efforts and softer stances on slavery.
Card 90
Why did the colonies choose a weak central government under the Articles of Confederation?
They distrusted and feared a tyrannical British government.
Card 91
How did the Treaty of Paris (1783) relate to the Articles of Confederation?
It helped end the Revolutionary War, highlighting Congress's weakness under the Articles.
Card 92
Who were the Federalists?
Supporters of the Constitution and a strong federal government.
Card 93
What is the process for the president to make treaties?
Treaties made by the president must be ratified by Congress.
Card 94
What military policy did the Democratic-Republicans advocate?
They developed a small peacetime army and navy.
Card 95
What did J. Hector St. John Crvecoeur describe in 1782?
Crvecoeur described the American as a new man with a unique identity.
Card 96
How did the Spanish influence Native Americans near New Orleans and Florida?
They allowed Native Americans more freedom to resist U.S. settlers.
Card 97
How did the U.S. Constitution address government weaknesses?
The U.S. Constitution created a stronger federal government while reserving certain powers for the states, correcting weaknesses in the Articles.
Card 98
What was the colonial perspective on their own military abilities after the war?
Colonists were proud and confident in their military abilities.
Card 99
What actions did the Sons and Daughters of Liberty take?
They intimidated tax agents and destroyed revenue stamps.
Card 100
Who was Lord Frederick North?
Lord Frederick North was the Prime Minister of Great Britain during the time leading up to the American Revolutionary War.
Card 101
Which Enlightenment idea is reflected in the Stamp Act Congress passage?
Governments needed popular consent to rule legitimately.
Card 102
Who initially rejected African Americans in the Patriot army?
George Washington initially rejected them.
Card 103
What impact did the cotton gin have on slavery?
It increased the demand for slave labor by making cotton production efficient.
Card 104
How did the state constitutions differ in their creation and adoption?
Some were voted on by the people, others by legislatures.
Card 105
What was George William Van Cleve's view on the Articles of Confederation?
Van Cleve viewed the Articles as causing government stalemate and ineffectiveness.
Card 106
Who opposed the Federalists and why?
Anti-Federalists feared a too powerful central government.
Card 107
What can the Supreme Court do if the president's actions are unconstitutional?
The Supreme Court can stop actions violating the Constitution.
Card 108
What were the Federalists' economic policies?
Aid to business, creation of a national bank, and support for high tariffs.
Card 109
How did the War for Independence change American society?
It revolutionized politics and society, fostering a new American identity.
Card 110
What was a major cause of population increase in the early Republic?
High birth rates, partly due to a plentiful food supply and desire for farm labor.
Card 111
What was included in the Bill of Rights?
The Bill of Rights protected basic individual liberties and addressed concerns about federal government power.
Card 112
How did British colonial policies change after the Seven Years War?
Britain enforced stricter control, abandoning salutary neglect.
Card 113
What was the most effective form of protest against the Stamp Act?
Boycotts against British imports effectively protested the Stamp Act.
Card 114
What was the Sugar Act of 1764?
The Sugar Act of 1764 was a British law that imposed duties on sugar and molasses imported by the colonies, aimed at stopping smuggling.
Card 115
How did Abigail Adams express her concerns about government?
She was concerned about the form and power of government and preserving liberties.
Card 116
What did the British offer to enslaved people for joining them?
The offer of freedom for joining their side.
Card 117
What was James Madison's vision regarding freed enslaved people?
He hoped they would return to Africa after being freed.
Card 118
What common features did state constitutions share?
A bill of rights and separation of powers.
Card 119
What does Eric M. Freedman suggest about the Articles of Confederation?
Freedman argued they allowed for effective national power exercises beyond their text.
Card 120
What argument did Federalists use to support a strong central government?
A stronger central government was needed to maintain order and preserve the Union.
Card 121
How does the Supreme Court influence laws?
Interpret laws; Congress can rewrite laws in response.
Card 122
Who mainly supported the Democratic-Republicans?
Small farmers and plantation owners were the main supporters.
Card 123
What happened to aristocratic titles after the American Revolution?
Aristocratic titles were abolished, weakening existing aristocracy.
Card 124
Who was Daniel Boone and what was his role?
An early settler who blazed trails through the Appalachian Mountains for others to follow.
Card 125
What issues did the Founding Fathers debate post-independence?
The Founding Fathers debated economic policies, individual rights, foreign affairs, Native American relations, and federal versus state government roles.
Card 126
What was the purpose of the Proclamation of 1763?
To prevent conflicts between colonists and American Indians.
Card 127
What did the Declaratory Act assert?
It asserted Parliament's right to tax and make laws for the colonies in all cases.
Card 128
What was the Quartering Act of 1765?
The Quartering Act of 1765 required American colonies to provide food and shelter to British troops stationed in their territory.
Card 129
What event influenced Abigail Adams's views on government?
Events leading to independence like colonial dissent influenced her views.
Card 130
How many African Americans served as Patriots?
Approximately 5,000 African Americans.
Card 131
How did the American Revolution impact Native Americans?
Native Americans, mostly supporting the British, did not benefit from independence.
Card 132
What was the main role of the Articles of Confederation Congress?
To wage war, make treaties, and borrow money.
Card 133
How did the Annapolis Convention lead to the Philadelphia Convention?
The Annapolis Convention identified issues, leading to the call for revising the Articles.
Card 134
What were the Anti-Federalist arguments against a strong central government?
It would destroy the Revolution's work, limit democracy, and restrict states rights.
Card 135
What power does a president have over the Supreme Court?
The president appoints justices.
Card 136
What warning did Washington give in his Farewell Address regarding foreign affairs?
He cautioned against involvement in European affairs and permanent alliances.
Card 137
What principle did most states adopt regarding church and state?
Most states adopted separation of church and state, ending financial support for churches.
Card 138
What impact did Eli Whitney's cotton gin have on slavery?
It made growing cotton more profitable and increased the demand for enslaved labor.
Card 139
When did political parties emerge in the United States?
Two political parties, the Democratic-Republicans and the Federalists, emerged by the end of George Washingtons presidency.
Card 140
What event was a response to European settlers moving westward?
Pontiac's Rebellion.
Card 141
What were the Townshend Acts?
Duties on imports like tea, glass, and paper used to pay crown officials in colonies.
Card 142
What was the Stamp Act of 1765?
The Stamp Act of 1765 was a tax imposed by Britain on the colonies, requiring them to pay a tax on printed materials and legal documents.
Card 143
What challenged Abigail Adams's views expressed in her letter?
The desire for retaining monarchy or established order challenged her views.
Card 144
Who were the Tories in the Revolutionary War?
Tories were pro-British Loyalists.
Card 145
What global impact did the American Revolution have?
It inspired revolutions in France, Haiti, and Latin America.
Card 146
How was voting restricted in the new state governments?
To White males with property.
Card 147
Who was the chairperson of the Constitutional Convention?
George Washington was elected as the chairperson of the Convention.
Card 148
What strategies did Federalists use during the ratification debates?
Highlighting the Articles of Confederation's weaknesses and portraying Anti-Federalists as negative.
Card 149
Who drafted the Bill of Rights and when was it ratified?
James Madison; ratified by states in 1791.
Card 150
What was the long-term impact of Washington's two-term decision?
It led to future presidents voluntarily adhering to a two-term tradition.
Card 151
How did regional variations affect state development in early America?
Regional variations continued to influence state development differently.
Card 152
Who was Samuel Slater and what did he do?
He was a young apprentice who brought British textile factory designs to the U.S.
Card 153
What did the Democratic-Republicans advocate for?
Democratic-Republicans advocated for stronger state governments and opposed centralization of power.
Card 154
What did Pontiacs Rebellion signify?
A major test of the new British imperial policy.
Card 155
How did colonists initially react to the Townshend Acts?
Most colonists accepted them as they were indirect taxes paid by merchants.
Card 156
What did the Declaratory Act of 1766 declare?
The Declaratory Act of 1766 stated that Britain had the right to legislate for the colonies in all cases whatsoever.
Card 157
What did John Adams mean by the 'revolution was in the minds of the people'?
He implied the true revolution was the change in people's thoughts and beliefs.
Card 158
How many American Tories fought alongside British soldiers?
Almost 60,000 American Tories.
Card 159
Who was Toussaint L'Ouverture and what did he lead?
He led the successful Haitian Revolution against slavery.
Card 160
How were office-holding requirements different from voting rights?
Higher property qualifications were needed.
Card 161
Why was the Constitutional Convention held in secret?
To encourage open debate without external pressures or preemptive judgments.
Card 162
What was one main objection of Anti-Federalists?
The proposed Constitution lacked a bill of rights.
Card 163
What prompted the extension of the Bill of Rights to state governments?
The 14th Amendment ratified in 1868.
Card 164
Who won the presidency in the election following Washington's retirement?
John Adams won the presidency, defeating Thomas Jefferson.
Card 165
What was one regional difference noted by Thomas Jefferson?
Northerners were seen as serious, while southerners were generous and forthright.
Card 166
Why did slavery grow in the southern states in the late 18th century?
The cotton gin and demand for cotton increased slavery in southern agriculture.
Card 167
What did the Federalists support?
Federalists supported a stronger federal government with more centralized control.
Card 168
What was the reaction of colonists to the Proclamation of 1763?
They were angry and defiant, disregarding the boundary.
Card 169
Who wrote 'Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania' and what did it argue?
John Dickinson wrote it, arguing taxation required approval by elected representatives.
Card 170
What were the Townshend Acts?
The Townshend Acts were a series of measures introduced in 1767 that taxed goods imported to the American colonies.
Card 171
How did the Intolerable Acts lead to revolution from 1774 to 1776?
The Acts led many Americans to consider independence as the only solution.
Card 172
Where were Tory sympathies strongest?
In major port cities like New York and Georgia.
Card 173
What similarities did Crane Brinton identify among major revolutions?
He observed that revolutions passed through similar radical stages.
Card 174
What delayed the ratification of the Articles of Confederation?
Disputes over state claims to western lands.
Card 175
Who were the main figures in drafting the U.S. Constitution?
Key figures included James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and Gouverneur Morris.
Card 176
How did Federalists aim to address the Anti-Federalists' concern over individual rights?
They promised to add a bill of rights as a first task for a new Congress.
Card 177
What does the First Amendment protect?
Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.
Card 178
What was the XYZ Affair during Adams' presidency?
A diplomatic conflict with France where bribes were demanded from U.S. delegates.
Card 179
How did political parties contribute to American identity?
Political parties highlighted regional differences and shaped identity.
Card 180
What regional conflict arose after 1800 regarding slavery?
Northerners opposed slavery expanding into western lands they wanted to settle.
Card 181
How did the election of 1800 test U.S. political stability?
The peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans demonstrated the political stability of the U.S. government.
Card 182
What factors led to growing tensions between British and American colonies?
Conflicts arose over taxation and lack of representation.
Card 183
What was the Massachusetts Circular Letter?
A letter urging colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts.
Card 184
What is a writ of assistance?
A writ of assistance was a general search warrant that allowed British customs officials to search any colonial property without specific cause.
Card 185
What was the purpose of the First Continental Congress?
To respond to Britain's threats to colonial liberties.
Card 186
What prompted American Indians to support the British?
Colonist attacks prompted many to support the British.
Card 187
What differences did historians see between the American and European revolutions?
They noted that American revolutions were against distant imperial powers, unlike European ones.
Card 188
What major requirement was needed to amend the Articles of Confederation?
A unanimous vote of all 13 states was required.
Card 189
What role did James Madison play at the Constitutional Convention?
James Madison played a crucial role in drafting and shaping the Constitution.
Card 190
What was the impact of New Hampshires vote on the Constitution's ratification?
It provided the necessary ninth vote to ratify the Constitution.
Card 191
What does the Second Amendment guarantee?
The right to keep and bear Arms.
Card 192
What was the slogan related to the XYZ Affair?
"Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute."
Card 193
What does the Great Seal of the United States symbolize?
The Great Seal symbolizes unity, peace, and readiness for defense.
Card 194
How did enslaved African Americans seek freedom?
By escaping to free states, Canada, or land controlled by Native Americans.
Card 195
What challenges did westward migration create in the U.S.?
Westward migration led to conflicts with Native Americans and territorial disputes with European powers.
Card 196
What did the Paxton Boys appeal to the Pennsylvania Assembly for?
Equal legislative privileges and addressing hostility from Native groups.
Card 197
What led to the repeal of the Townshend Acts?
Parliament repealed them due to trade damage and low revenue.
Card 198
What was the Tea Act of 1773?
The Tea Act of 1773 granted the British East India Company the right to sell tea directly to the colonies, undermining colonial merchants.
Card 199
Who were the radicals at the First Continental Congress?
Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, and John Adams were radicals.
Card 200
How did the Revolutionary army fare from 1775 to 1777?
Washington's army had initial losses and hardships.
Card 201
What did the Virginia Declaration of Rights state about government power?
It stated that all power is vested in and derived from the people.
Card 202
What was the structure of the government under the Articles of Confederation?
A unicameral Congress with no executive or judiciary.
Card 203
Which major leaders were absent from the Constitutional Convention?
Leaders like John Jay and Thomas Jefferson were absent due to diplomatic commitments.
Card 204
Who were key Anti-Federalist leaders in Virginia?
George Mason and Patrick Henry.
Card 205
What restriction does the Third Amendment place on quartering soldiers?
No soldier quartered without consent in peacetime.
Card 206
What challenge did Adams face regarding war with France?
He resisted war due to the U.S.'s weak military condition.
Card 207
What role did newspapers play in developing American identity?
Newspapers facilitated communication and political discussion, fostering identity.
Card 208
Why did Chesapeake planters sell enslaved people in the late 18th century?
A surplus of enslaved people and declining tobacco market led planters to sell them south and west.
Card 209
When did the U.S. declare independence and ratify the Constitution?
The U.S. declared independence in 1776 and ratified the Constitution in 1788.
Card 210
What was a common theme in the colonial reactions to British policies?
Concern over violations of political rights and trade freedoms.
Card 211
What was the Boston Massacre?
In 1770, British soldiers killed five colonists, including Crispus Attucks.
Card 212
What were the Coercive Acts of 1774?
The Coercive Acts of 1774 were a series of laws to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party, including the Port Act and others.
Card 213
What was Joseph Galloways plan about?
A plan for a union of the colonies within the British Empire.
Card 214
What economic impact did the British occupation have on American ports?
It led to a 95 percent decline in trade.
Card 215
Which section of the Virginia Declaration is linked to social contract theory?
Section 2, emphasizing origins of governmental power.
Card 216
What powers were granted to Congress under the Articles of Confederation?
To wage war, make treaties, and send diplomats.
Card 217
What was the state of government distrust in the 1780s?
People feared government overreach and the potential for abuse of power.
Card 218
Who led the Federalists in Virginia during the ratification debate?
Washington, Madison, and John Marshall.
Card 219
What protection does the Fourth Amendment provide?
Protection against unreasonable searches and seizures.
Card 220
What were the main purposes of the Alien and Sedition Acts?
To restrict Democratic-Republicans and prolong Federalist power.
Card 221
What contributions did Charles Wilson Peale make?
Peale opened the first art gallery, contributing to culture.
Card 222
What was the impact of the interregional slave trade on African American families?
The trade often broke families apart, causing them never to see relatives again.
Card 223
Who was the first president of the United States?
George Washington was the first president of the United States, beginning his term in 1789.
Card 224
Why did British landowners want a reduction in taxes after the Seven Years War?
To reduce domestic tax burdens by taxing the colonies.
Card 225
What were the Committees of Correspondence?
Groups organized by Samuel Adams to exchange letters about British threats.
Card 226
What was the Proclamation Line of 1763?
The Proclamation Line of 1763 was established by Britain to limit colonial expansion westward in an effort to pacify Native American tribes.
Card 227
What measures were adopted by the First Continental Congress?
Endorsed Suffolk Resolves, Declaration and Resolves, created Continental Association.
Card 228
What was the significance of the Battle of Saratoga?
It was a turning point that led to French support.
Card 229
What was the effect of the idea of equality after the Revolution?
It unleashed powerful social change pushing America towards being a more egalitarian society.
Card 230
What were the limitations of Congress under the Articles of Confederation?
No power to regulate commerce or collect taxes.
Card 231
What did the Virginia Plan propose during the Convention?
It proposed representation based on state population favoring larger states.
Card 232
What influenced New York's decision to ratify the Constitution?
Virginias vote and Hamiltons efforts.
Card 233
What rights are guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment?
No double jeopardy, self-incrimination; due process and compensation.
Card 234
How did the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions challenge federal authority?
They stated states could nullify federal laws that broke the compact of the national government.
Card 235
Who developed the design for Washington, D.C.?
Pierre-Charles LEnfant designed the layout for Washington, D.C.
Card 236
How did mechanization affect the textile industry in the US?
It made cotton cloth less expensive and increased profitability.
Card 237
What sparked the Seven Years' War in North America?
The French built forts in the Ohio River Valley to stop British colonial expansion, prompting British military responses.
Card 238
What was one result of King George IIIs new policies?
To have the colonies bear more financial responsibility for the empire.
Card 239
What happened to the British ship Gaspee?
Colonists destroyed it after it ran aground off Rhode Island.
Card 240
What was the Quebec Act of 1774?
The Quebec Act of 1774 expanded the Canadian province's territory and granted equal rights to Catholics, alarming Protestant colonists.
Card 241
What was the significance of Lexington and Concord?
They were the first military engagements of the American Revolution.
Card 242
Why did France choose to ally with American revolutionaries?
To weaken Great Britain and aid American independence.
Card 243
How did the American Revolution influence Latin America?
It inspired numerous revolutions against European control in the 19th century.
Card 244
What achievements did Congress have under the Articles of Confederation?
Claiming victory in the war and passing land ordinances.
Card 245
How did the New Jersey Plan differ from the Virginia Plan?
The New Jersey Plan favored equal representation regardless of state size.
Card 246
Which were the last two states to ratify the Constitution?
North Carolina and Rhode Island.
Card 247
What rights are outlined in the Sixth Amendment?
Right to a speedy, public trial and legal counsel.
Card 248
What was the outcome of the Alien and Sedition Acts after the 1800 election?
They expired or were repealed after the Democratic-Republicans gained control.
Card 249
What emerging cultural institutions characterized early American identity?
Institutions like art galleries and the American Academy of Fine Arts emerged.
Card 250
How did European political upheavals affect US immigration?
Immigration rates varied with political and economic changes in Europe.
Card 251
What was the outcome of the Treaty of Paris in 1783?
The Treaty of Paris in 1783 ended the Revolutionary War and recognized American independence from Britain.
Card 252
Why were American colonists attentive to their liberties in the 1760s?
Due to Britain's aggressive collection of taxes and enforcement of trade laws.
Card 253
What was the Boston Tea Party?
Colonists, disguised as Indians, dumped tea into Boston Harbor as a protest.
Card 254
How did British policies lead to colonial rebellion?
Changes in British policies, like taxation and restrictive laws, heightened tensions and pushed colonies towards rebellion.
Card 255
What happened at the Battle of Bunker Hill?
Colonists inflicted heavy casualties on British, showing determination to resist.
Card 256
When did France officially ally with the Americans against Britain?
In 1778, after the Battle of Saratoga.
Card 257
Who were the Daughters of Liberty?
A group of women who opposed British policies and actions.
Card 258
What was the importance of the Land Ordinance of 1785?
It set rules for surveying and selling western lands.
Card 259
What was the Great Compromise?
The Great Compromise established a bicameral Congress with mixed representation.
Card 260
What did the Federalist Papers advocate?
Reasons for believing in the Constitutions practicality.
Card 261
What does the Seventh Amendment ensure about civil trials?
Trial by jury in civil cases involving more than twenty dollars.
Card 262
What power did Chief Justice John Marshall assert in 1803?
The power to decide whether federal laws were constitutional.
Card 263
How did American culture change from 1754 to 1800?
American culture gradually evolved from British origins to a distinct identity.
Card 264
Which religious groups often opposed slavery in the late 18th century?
Quakers and Mennonites often opposed slavery.
Card 265
What role did George Washington play in the French and Indian War?
George Washington led a militia to try to stop French construction of forts in the Ohio River Valley.
Card 266
What was the British justification for the Proclamation of 1763?
To protect its colonial empire and make colonies pay for protection.
Card 267
How did colonists react to the Boston Tea Party?
Some applauded it as a defense of liberty; others saw it as too radical.
Card 268
Which colonial action was similar to boycotts recommended by the Virginia Convention?
The Boston Tea Party is similar to the boycotts recommended by the Virginia Convention.
Card 269
What was the main conflict within the Second Continental Congress?
There was division between declaring independence and negotiating with Britain.
Card 270
What was the last major battle of the Revolutionary War?
The Battle of Yorktown in 1781.
Card 271
What is 'Republican Motherhood'?
A belief that women should educate their children in republican values.
Card 272
What did the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 accomplish?
Set rules for new states and banned slavery there.
Card 273
What was the Three-Fifths Compromise?
The compromise counted enslaved individuals as three-fifths of a person for representation.
Card 274
Who authored the Federalist Papers?
James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay.
Card 275
What restrictions does the Eighth Amendment place on punishments?
No excessive bail or cruel punishments.
Card 276
Why did political parties start to form around Hamilton and Jefferson?
Due to differing views on financial programs and foreign policies.
Card 277
Who was Charles Wilson Peale?
He was a painter and opened the first American art gallery.
Card 278
How did the Enlightenment influence views on slavery?
It promoted equality and liberty, seeing no place for slavery in a republic.
Card 279
What was the Albany Plan of Union?
The Albany Plan of Union was a proposal to create an intercolonial government for greater defense cooperation, developed by Benjamin Franklin.
Card 280
How did colonists view each British act enacted in the 1760s?
As threats to their liberties.
Card 281
What were the Intolerable Acts?
Punitive acts in response to the Boston Tea Party, including the Coercive Acts.
Card 282
What did the Virginia Convention believe about rights?
The Virginia Convention believed colonists were entitled to the same rights as British citizens, including representation.
Card 283
What was the purpose of the Olive Branch Petition?
It aimed to seek peace while asserting colonial rights.
Card 284
Who was the British general who surrendered at Yorktown?
General Charles Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown.
Card 285
What contradiction did the institution of slavery present during the Revolution?
Slavery contradicted the Revolution's ideals of equality.
Card 286
Why was the Northwest Territory attractive to settlers?
It offered land for education and was affordable initially.
Card 287
When could the international slave trade be abolished according to the Constitution?
The Constitution allowed the slave trade to continue until 1808, then Congress could abolish it.
Card 288
What was Richard Henry Lee's view on the proposed government?
He viewed it as moving towards a consolidated government, risking rights.
Card 289
What principle does the Ninth Amendment address?
Rights not denied despite not being enumerated.
Card 290
What was the effect of the French Revolution on American politics?
It intensified divisions leading to sharper political party formation.
Card 291
Who was Pierre-Charles LEnfant?
He designed the layout for the capital city, Washington, D.C.
Card 292
What was the significance of the federal control over Native American lands?
Only the federal government could purchase land or regulate trade with Native Americans.
Card 293
What were the key conflicts in King William's War?
British expeditions attempted to capture Quebec but failed due to resistance from French and allied American Indians.
Card 294
What was the idea of 'virtual representation' according to the British?
Parliament represented the entire empire, not just local districts.
Card 295
What did the Port Act do?
It closed the port of Boston until the destroyed tea was paid for.
Card 296
Why did colonists think there was a conspiracy against liberty?
Colonists believed British actions were part of a larger plot against their liberty, threatening both American and English freedoms.
Card 297
How did King George III respond to the Olive Branch Petition?
He dismissed it and declared colonies in rebellion.
Card 298
What was a key outcome of Cornwallis's surrender at Yorktown?
The defeat led to a shift in British politics towards peace.
Card 299
What rationale did slave owners develop by the 1830s?
They developed religious and political justifications for lifelong bondage.
Card 300
What foreign affairs issues did the U.S. face under the Articles of Confederation?
Issues with Britain and Spain maintaining military outposts.
Card 301
What was the Commercial Compromise about?
It allowed Congress to regulate commerce and levy tariffs on imports but not on exports.
Card 302
How did Federalists respond to criticisms of Richard Henry Lee?
By agreeing to add a Bill of Rights.
Card 303
How does the Tenth Amendment limit federal powers?
Powers not given to federal government are state or people's.
Card 304
Where were the Federalists strongest geographically?
In the northeastern states.
Card 305
Who was Gilbert Stuart?
Stuart was a portrait artist, known for painting leaders like Washington.
Card 306
What challenges did migrants face moving westward?
Friendly and hostile forces, including harsh environments and conflicts with Native Americans.
Card 307
What did the British gain in Queen Anne's War?
The British gained Nova Scotia from France and trading rights in Spanish America.
Card 308
Why did the British send troops during Pontiac's Rebellion?
To suppress indigenous resistance without relying on colonial forces.
Card 309
What did the Massachusetts Government Act change?
It reduced the power of the Massachusetts legislature, increasing that of the royal governor.
Card 310
According to Bailyn, why did the American Revolution occur?
Bailyn argued that overwhelming evidence of a conspiracy against colonial liberty propelled the Americans to revolution.
Card 311
What was the impact of the Prohibitory Act of 1775?
It forbade all trade between Britain and the colonies.
Card 312
What year was the Treaty of Paris signed?
In 1783.
Card 313
Which revolutions were inspired by the American Revolution?
French, Haitian, and Latin American revolutions drew inspiration from it.
Card 314
What economic problems resulted from Congress's lack of taxing power?
Without taxing power, Congress couldn't repay debts or finance itself.
Card 315
How did the Articles of Confederation handle state representation issues?
Representation was often blocked due to the requirement of unanimous consent for changes.
Card 316
What power division did the Constitution instate?
Power was divided between the federal and state governments.
Card 317
On what was Hamilton's argument regarding the National Bank based?
Implied powers in the Constitution.
Card 318
What did the Democratic-Republicans favor in economic policies?
They favored agriculture and opposed a national bank and high tariffs.
Card 319
What did the excerpt from Crvecoeur's letter emphasize about Americans?
It emphasized Americans' new principles, ideas, and identity.
Card 320
Why were laws regulating trade with Native Americans often ignored?
Traders and settlers moving west often disregarded laws for personal gain.
Card 321
What happened to Louisbourg after King George's War?
Britain returned Louisbourg to France, enraging New Englanders who had captured it during the war.
Card 322
What was John Adams' perspective on colonial attitudes in 1765?
Colonists were more determined to defend their liberties.
Card 323
What was the Administration of Justice Act?
Allowed royal officials to be tried in Great Britain, not the colonies.
Card 324
According to Wood, why did the American Revolution occur?
Wood argued that Americans revolted not out of suffering but to maintain freedoms already experienced, driven by principle.
Card 325
Why was the Declaration of Independence drafted?
To declare colonial independence from British rule.
Card 326
What did Britain recognize in the Treaty of Paris?
The United States as an independent nation.
Card 327
What stage progression did Brinton note in revolutions?
Revolutions progress through similar radical stages according to Brinton.
Card 328
How did states contribute to the economic problems under the Articles?
They imposed tariffs and issued worthless paper money.
Card 329
What was the significance of secretive meetings during the Constitutional debates?
Secrecy was meant to ensure candid discussions and protect decision integrity.
Card 330
What powers were assigned to the federal government?
National defense, foreign affairs, interstate commerce, and postal service.
Card 331
What document did Hamilton find unsatisfactory?
The Articles of Confederation.
Card 332
What did Washington warn against concerning political parties?
He warned against their formation and the divisions they could create.
Card 333
What question does the excerpt from Crvecoeur address about Americans?
It asks what defines an American as a new individual.
Card 334
What geological features marked new state boundaries post-1791?
Ohio, Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee established as new states.
Card 335
Why was the French fur trade important versus British colonies?
The French fur trade, supported by alliances with Native Americans, was economically valuable despite fewer settlers compared to British colonies.
Card 336
How was the Quartering Act expanded?
It allowed British troops to be housed in private colonial homes.
Card 337
How did John Locke influence American colonial thought?
John Locke's ideas on natural rights and government by consent strongly influenced revolutionary leaders and colonial thought.
Card 338
Who drafted the Declaration of Independence?
Thomas Jefferson was among the five delegates who drafted it.
Card 339
What was the western boundary of the United States set by the Treaty of Paris?
The Mississippi River was the boundary.
Card 340
What influenced the American Revolution from the European Enlightenment?
Ideas of self-governance and equality were influenced by it.
Card 341
What was Shayss Rebellion a response to?
High taxes, debt imprisonment, lack of paper money.
Card 342
Why did Madison and Hamilton want a new Constitution?
They advocated for a strong central government replacing the weak confederate model.
Card 343
What powers were left to the state governments?
Issues like schools and local elections.
Card 344
What could refute Hamilton's position on implied powers?
The 10th Amendment reserving powers to the states.
Card 345
Why did Washington prefer avoiding permanent alliances?
He believed alliances entangled the U.S. in European rivalries.
Card 346
What historical differences existed between colonial and independent American cultural life?
Cultural life in independent America was more diverse and rooted in new ideas.
Card 347
What was one of the consequences of the Shawnee's resistance in the 1790s?
The Shawnee's successful resistance was ultimately defeated, weakening their position.
Card 348
How did geographic differences influence colonial economics?
British colonies produced diverse goods like tobacco and grain, fueling British industry, while French colonies focused on the fur trade.
Card 349
What did the Quebec Act establish?
Established Roman Catholicism in Quebec and set up a non-representative government.
Card 350
What is Deism?
Deism is a belief in a God who established natural laws but rarely intervenes in human affairs, prevalent during the Enlightenment.
Card 351
What principle is expressed in the Declaration of Independence?
All men are created equal with rights to life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness.
Card 352
What fishing rights did Americans have under the Treaty of Paris?
Fishing rights off the coast of Canada.
Card 353
What did the weaknesses of the Articles reveal about interstate relations?
They revealed tensions and rivalries among states.
Card 354
What was the public's view on government power in the 1780s?
The public feared elected officials might abuse power, despite elections.
Card 355
How have changes in transportation and communication influenced federal power?
They have increased federal power as interstate interactions grew.
Card 356
What was the contest over the Constitution primarily about, according to Beard?
Concrete economic issues, not abstract ideals.
Card 357
How did the Federalists respond to immigrant voters?
By extending the Naturalization Act's time requirement.
Card 358
What similarities existed between colonial and independent American cultural life?
Both eras maintained European cultural influences.
Card 359
How did high birth rates contribute to population growth?
High birth rates were tied to food supply and farm labor needs.
Card 360
What started the war in the Ohio River Valley?
The French built a line of forts to block British westward expansion, triggering military confrontation.
Card 361
How did the Quebec Act affect the American colonies?
Colonists saw it as a direct attack by taking lands claimed by several colonies.
Card 362
What was the impact of rationalism during the Enlightenment?
Rationalism led Enlightenment thinkers to rely more on science and reason than traditional religious and biblical interpretations.
Card 363
When was the Declaration of Independence adopted?
It was adopted on July 4, 1776.
Card 364
Who were Patriots in the American Revolution?
Colonists fighting for independence from Britain.
Card 365
What did Section 5 of the Virginia Declaration emphasize?
It stressed the separation and distinction of state powers.
Card 366
How did Britain and Spain threaten the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation?
By expanding territorial interests in the west.
Card 367
What ideological positions were debated about federal government structure?
The structure and powers of the federal government under the new Constitution were debated.
Card 368
What is federalism?
The division of power between federal and state governments.
Card 369
How did Hofstadter view the influence of the Revolution on the Founders?
As reshaping interests and ideas based on Revolutionary experiences.
Card 370
How did the Democratic-Republicans view strict Constitutional interpretation?
They believed in states' power to nullify federal laws violating the compact.
Card 371
How did legal changes between 1754 and 1800 impact cultural life?
Legal changes like separation of church and state altered cultural practices.
Card 372
What role did the Constitution play in the continued importation of enslaved Africans?
Allowed continued importation of enslaved Africans until it could end in 1808.
Card 373
What was Benedict Arnold's early victory?
George Washington gained an initial victory in the Ohio River Valley before being forced to surrender.
Card 374
What was the impact of Britain's policies on the push for independence?
Britain's harsh policies led to stronger support for independence in the colonies.
Card 375
What is the social contract theory?
The social contract is a theory that people consent to form governments to protect their rights, challenging divine right of kings.
Card 376
What was the Enlightenment idea about the social contract?
The idea that government authority comes from the consent of the governed.
Card 377
What were continentals during the Revolutionary War?
Paper money issued by Congress during the war.
Card 378
Who would likely oppose the Virginia Declaration according to the text?
Tories, as they supported British rule.
Card 379
Why was the ability to amend the Articles seen as problematic?
It required unanimous consent, which was difficult.
Card 380
How did Benjamin Franklin view the Constitution?
Franklin saw the Constitution as the best practical framework despite potential flaws.
Card 381
What did the 19th Amendment achieve?
It gave women the right to vote.
Card 382
What major fear did John Adams express about political parties?
Division into two great parties as the greatest political evil.
Card 383
What precedent related to presidential terms was set by Washington?
Presidents voluntarily retired after two terms.
Card 384
What was the significance of the Proclamation of Neutrality?
It declared U.S. neutrality in conflicts between France and Great Britain.
Card 385
Why did planters move enslaved people south and west?
For greater profits in newly settled lands suitable for cotton.
Card 386
How did the French and Indian forces defeat the British at Fort Duquesne?
The British defeat at Fort Duquesne came from underestimating French and Indian forces, leading to heavy losses.
Card 387
What was Thomas Paine's 'Common Sense' about?
'Common Sense' by Thomas Paine argued for American independence, stating it's illogical for a large continent to be ruled by a distant island.
Card 388
What role did Thomas Paine play in the Revolution?
He wrote 'Common Sense,' advocating for independence from Britain.
Card 389
What was Valley Forge known for in 1777-1778?
The site of severe winter hardships for Washington's troops.
Card 390
How did the American Revolution affect enslaved African Americans in the South?
It led to some voluntary manumissions but ultimately strengthened the institution.
Card 391
How did state governments attempt to protect against tyranny?
By separating powers into three branches.
Card 392
Why did only five states attend the Annapolis Convention?
Only five states attended due to inadequate interest and coordination.
Card 393
What were some early challenges faced by the new nation under Washington and Adams?
Declaring independence, a war, drafting a Constitution, forming a government.
Card 394
Which act increased the years for U.S. citizenship qualification?
The Naturalization Act increased it to 14 years.
Card 395
What was the Farewell Addresss impact on political parties?
It warned against divisive political factions.
Card 396
What was a consequence of the settlement expansion in Alabama and Mississippi?
Increased regional conflict over slavery as plantations expanded.
Card 397
What was the impact of British colonial policy changes post-war?
British policy changes after the war, such as increased taxation, led to colonial unrest and calls for independence.
Card 398
How did Paine differ from earlier writers?
Paine differed by directly critiquing King George III and monarchy rather than Parliament, making complex ideas accessible.
Card 399
What was the function of the Continental Association?
To enforce economic sanctions as part of the Suffolk Resolves.
Card 400
What suggestion did Alexander Hamilton make regarding Black soldiers?
He proposed arming and freeing them to fight.
Card 401
Which entity abolished the importation of enslaved people?
The Continental Congress.
Card 402
What significant distinction existed between conservatives and liberals during the constitution debates?
Conservatives wanted law and order; liberals wanted rights protection.
Card 403
What was Rhode Island's stance on the Philadelphia Convention?
Rhode Island did not participate due to distrust of central authority.
Card 404
Which programs are the federal government responsible for funding?
Programs like Social Security, Medicare, and the military.
Card 405
How was the federal government organized under Washington?
Executive and judicial branches determined day-to-day.
Card 406
What was the response of the American public to XYZ Affair reports?
Americans were furious and demanded war with France.
Card 407
Why did Washington set a two-term tradition?
To prevent the development of a monarchy-like power.
Card 408
What factors made the cultivation of cotton profitable?
The cotton gin and textile industry made cotton highly profitable.
Card 409
How did immigrants affect the new country after independence?
New immigrants and westward migration led to cultural diversity and conflicts with Native Americans and European interests.
Card 410
What did Common Sense achieve?
'Common Sense' spread revolutionary ideas rapidly and united colonists in the push for independence from Britain.
Card 411
Who were the Loyalists during the American Revolution?
Colonists who remained loyal to the British government.
Card 412
How did Hamilton's proposal view the conflict concerning Black soldiers?
A domestic conflict over race and enslavement.
Card 413
How did Captain Daniel Shays and his followers respond to economic hardships?
They led an uprising to protest taxes and economic conditions.
Card 414
What were key issues at the Constitutional Convention?
Issues included state representation, slavery, trade, and the structure of government.
Card 415
Who employs most public employees in the U.S.?
State and local governments employ most public workers, mainly in education.
Card 416
What was Washington's first task as chief executive?
Organize new departments of the executive branch.
Card 417
What rationale did the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions introduce?
States could nullify federal laws opposing their interests.
Card 418
What effect did regional differences have on early American identity?
Regional differences shaped diverse identity elements in the U.S.
Card 419
Why did Native Americans sometimes remain on their ancestral lands?
Despite pressure, cultural and ancestral ties kept them on their lands.
Card 420
What historical event does the Declaration of Independence mark?
The Declaration of Independence marks the separation of the United States from Great Britain in 1776.
Card 421
What was the historical perspective on the American Revolution being a radical break?
Many viewed the revolution as a radical change inspired by Enlightenment ideals, altering American society fundamentally.
Card 422
What was George Washingtons role in the Continental Army?
He was appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army.
Card 423
What motivated the use of Black troops in the Revolutionary War?
Fear that the British would recruit enslaved people.
Card 424
What was the effect of land auction policies in the Northwest Territory?
It benefited wealthy purchasers first, disadvantaging others.
Card 425
Why did Madison's notes become crucial historical documents?
Madison's notes provided detailed accounts of the debates for future analysis.
Card 426
What was the role of the Bill of Rights in the new government?
To protect against tyranny and fulfill ratification promises.
Card 427
What authority does the president have in appointing department heads?
Appoint chiefs of departments with Senate approval.
Card 428
What did the Sedition Act make illegal?
Criticism of the president or Congress by newspaper editors.
Card 429
How did abolition of titles impact American society?
It led to a more egalitarian and less aristocratic society.
Card 430
What role did the federal government play in settler and Native American conflicts?
Supported settlers in conflicts, often disregarding treaties with Native Americans.
Card 431
What was the response to the Alien and Sedition Acts?
The Alien and Sedition Acts restricted press and immigrants, causing controversy regarding individual rights.
Card 432
What did Progressive historians believe about the revolution?
Progressive historians saw the revolution as an opportunity for significant social and political change.
Card 433
What was the purpose of the raid on Quebec?
To draw Canada away from the British Empire.
Card 434
What was one strength the Patriots had during the Revolution?
Patriots had a strong commitment to independence.
Card 435
Why was there a lack of respect for the U.S. from European nations?
It couldn't pay debts or take united action.
Card 436
What was the role of delegates in the 1787 Philadelphia Convention?
Delegates were experienced in law and politics, providing varied perspectives.
Card 437
What efforts did Anti-Federalists in Virginia make against the Constitution?
They were led by Mason and Henry, viewing the Constitution as a liberty threat.
Card 438
Who were the four heads of departments appointed by Washington?
Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Henry Knox, Edmund Randolph.
Card 439
Which states adopted the nullifying resolutions of 1799?
Kentucky and Virginia.
Card 440
Why was the period 1754 to 1800 significant in American cultural development?
It marked the evolution from colonial to American identity.
Card 441
How did the destruction of tribal hunting grounds impact Native Americans?
It deprived tribes of resources, forcing relocation.
Card 442
Why did European powers rarely send regular troops to America?
European powers often saw little value in sending regular troops and relied on colonial militias during early colonial conflicts.
Card 443
How did some historians view American society before the war?
Some historians argue American society had democratized before the war, with the war reflecting existing societal changes.
Card 444
What did the Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms entail?
It called for colonies to provide troops and justified taking up arms.
Card 445
How did France influence the American Revolution?
France provided military and diplomatic support.
Card 446
What was the learning objective related to the Revolutionary Period?
Explaining government changes due to revolutionary ideals.
Card 447
What is federalism?
Federalism is the division of power between a central government and regional governments.
Card 448
How does the Constitution aim to balance power between different governmental levels?
By dividing power between federal and state, and among branches.
Card 449
What significant event ended the two-term tradition for U.S. presidents?
Franklin Roosevelt's election to a third term in 1940.
Card 450
How did the idea of southerner emerge in early America?
The term emerged with cultural and political identity based on slavery and regional traits.
Card 451
What was the role of public education in the Northwest Ordinance?
Provided for the establishment of educational systems in new territories.