Social Psychology
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Social Psychology
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This flashcard set focuses on key concepts in social psychology, exploring how individuals think about, influence, and relate to each other. Learners will study various theories and biases, including attribution theory, group dynamics, and the impact of social norms on behavior. It covers a range of topics from personality traits to emotional responses, helping students understand both individual and group behaviors within social contexts.
Card 1
Social psychology
how people think about, influence, and relate to others
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Attributions
explanations for behavior
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Dispositional attribution
behavior explained by personality
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Situational attribution
behavior explained by environment
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Attribution theory
how we assign causes to behavior
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Fundamental attribution error
overestimating personality, underestimating situation
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Actor-observer bias
others’ behavior = personality, own behavior = situation
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Self-serving bias
success = internal, failure = external
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Self-fulfilling prophecy
belief that causes itself to become true
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Social comparison
evaluating self compared to others
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Upward comparison
comparing to better people
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Downward comparison
comparing to worse people
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Relative deprivation
feeling deprived compared to others
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Explanatory style
optimistic or pessimistic way of explaining events
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External locus of control
outside forces control life
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Internal locus of control
you control your life
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Mere exposure effect
repeated exposure increases liking
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Stereotype
generalized belief about a group
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Prejudice
negative attitude toward a group
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Discrimination
unequal treatment of a group
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Implicit attitudes
unconscious biases
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Ingroup bias
favoring your own group
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Ethnocentrism
believing your culture is superior
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Outgroup homogeneity bias
seeing outgroup members as similar
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Just-world phenomenon
belief that people get what they deserve
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Belief perseverance
maintaining beliefs despite evidence
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Cognitive dissonance
discomfort from conflicting thoughts
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Social norms
expectations for behavior in groups
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Social influence theory
others influence thoughts and actions
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Normative social influence
conforming to be accepted
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Informational social influence
conforming because others are correct
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Elaboration likelihood model
two routes to persuasion
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Central route to persuasion
persuasion through logic
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Peripheral route to persuasion
persuasion through emotion or superficial traits
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Halo effect
one trait influences overall impression
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Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
small request leads to agreement with larger request
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Door-in-the-face phenomenon
large refused request increases agreement with smaller one
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Conformity
changing behavior to match a group
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Obedience
following orders from authority
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Deindividuation
loss of self-awareness in groups
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Social loafing
reduced effort in group work
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Social facilitation
better performance on simple tasks with others present
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False-consensus effect
overestimating how much others agree with you
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Superordinate goals
shared goals that promote cooperation
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Social trap
conflict between individual and group interests
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Industrial/organizational psychology
study of behavior in the workplace
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Altruism
helping others without personal gain
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Social reciprocity norm
expectation to return favors
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Social responsibility norm
helping others because it is right
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Group polarization
strengthening of group opinions
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Groupthink
desire for harmony leads to poor decisions
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Bystander effect
less likely to help when others are present
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Psychodynamic theory
personality shaped by unconscious and early experiences
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Id
instinctual drives
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Superego
moral conscience
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Ego
balances id and superego
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Defense mechanisms
unconscious protection from anxiety
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Repression
pushing memories out of awareness
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Regression
reverting to earlier behaviors
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Denial
refusing to accept reality
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Rationalization
justifying behavior with excuses
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Displacement
redirecting emotions to safer target
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Projection
attributing your feelings to others
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Reaction formation
acting opposite of true feelings
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Sublimation
channeling impulses into acceptable actions
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Projective tests
ambiguous stimuli used to reveal unconscious thoughts
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Traits
stable personality characteristics
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Big Five personality traits
five broad personality dimensions
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Openness
creativity and willingness to try new things
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Conscientiousness
organization and responsibility
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Extraversion
sociability and outgoingness
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Agreeableness
kindness and cooperation
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Neuroticism
emotional instability
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Personality inventories
tests measuring personality traits
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Social-cognitive theory
personality shaped by interaction of behavior, thoughts, and environment
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Reciprocal determinism
behavior, cognition, and environment influence each other
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Self-efficacy
belief in ability to succeed
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Self-concept
perception of oneself
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Instinct theory
behavior driven by innate instincts
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Drive reduction theory
behavior motivated by reducing physical discomfort
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Homeostasis
maintaining internal balance
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Approach-approach conflict
choosing between two good options
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Approach-avoidance conflict
one option has positive and negative aspects
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Avoidance-avoidance conflict
choosing between two negative options
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Self-determination theory
motivation comes from intrinsic and extrinsic sources
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Intrinsic motivation
doing something for enjoyment
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Extrinsic motivation
doing something for reward
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Incentive theory
behavior driven by rewards
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Arousal theory
motivation to maintain optimal alertness
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Yerkes-Dodson law
moderate arousal leads to best performance
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Sensation seeking theory
need for varied and novel experiences
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Experience seeking
desire for new experiences
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Thrill seeking
desire for risky activities
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Disinhibition
reduced self-control
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Boredom susceptibility
intolerance for repetition
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Leptin
hormone that reduces hunger
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Ghrelin
hormone that increases hunger
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Environmental cues
external factors influencing eating
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Memory and hunger
lack of memory of eating leads to increased eating
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Physiological arousal
physical response of the body
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Cognitive label
interpretation of emotion
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Amygdala pathway
fast emotional response pathway
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Frontal lobe pathway
slower, thoughtful emotional processing
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Facial feedback hypothesis
facial expressions influence emotions
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Broaden-and-build theory
positive emotions expand thinking and build resources
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Universal emotions
happiness, anger, sadness, surprise, disgust, fear
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Display rules
cultural norms for emotional expression