Research Design
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Research Design
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This flashcard set covers essential concepts in research methodology and statistics, facilitating learners' understanding of key terms and principles. Students will explore topics such as hypothesis formulation, data types, sampling methods, correlation, and the differentiation between experimental and observational research. By studying these cards, learners will gain insights into data interpretation, research design, and ethical considerations in studies, equipping them with the foundational knowledge necessary for conducting and evaluating research critically.
Card 1
Hypothesis
tentative explanation that must be falsifiable and able to be supported or rejected
Card 2
Operational Definition
clear, precise definition of variables that allows replication and reliable data collection
Card 3
Qualitative Data
descriptive data (e.g., color)
Card 4
Quantitative Data
numerical data used for statistics
Card 5
Population
everyone the research could apply to
Card 6
Sample
the specific people chosen for the study
Card 7
Correlation
identifies relationship between two variables
Card 8
Correlation Does Not Equal Causation
a relationship does not prove one variable causes another
Card 9
Directionality Problem
uncertainty about which variable causes the other
Card 10
Third Variable Problem
an outside variable causes the relationship
Card 11
Positive Correlation
variables increase or decrease together
Card 12
Negative Correlation
one variable increases while the other decreases
Card 13
Strength of Correlation
stronger relationships have tighter clusters regardless of direction
Card 14
Experiments
purposely manipulate variables to determine cause and effect
Card 15
Independent Variable
variable manipulated by the researcher
Card 16
Experimental Group
group that receives the treatment
Card 17
Control Group
group that receives placebo or baseline condition
Card 18
Dependent Variable
measured outcome that depends on the independent variable
Card 19
Naturalistic Observation
observing people in their natural settings
Card 20
Case Study
in-depth study of one person or small group
Card 21
Meta-Analysis
combines multiple studies to increase sample size and analyze effect sizes
Card 22
Descriptive Statistics
describe and summarize data
Card 23
Mean
average value
Card 24
Median
middle value
Card 25
Mode
most frequently occurring value
Card 26
Bimodal
distribution with two modes
Card 27
Skew
distortion caused by outliers
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Negative Skew
mean is to the left
Card 29
Positive Skew
mean is to the right
Card 30
Range
difference between highest and lowest values
Card 31
Standard Deviation
average spread of scores from the mean
Card 32
Placebo Effect
improvement caused by belief in treatment rather than the treatment itself
Card 33
Double-Blind
neither participant nor experimenter knows group assignments
Card 34
Single-Blind
participant does not know group assignment
Card 35
Confounding Variable
unintended variable that affects results
Card 36
Random Assignment
assigning participants to groups randomly to allow cause/effect conclusions
Card 37
Inferential Statistics
determines significance and meaning of results
Card 38
Statistical Significance
results unlikely due to chance (p < .05)
Card 39
Effect Size
magnitude of impact of a result
Card 40
Regression Toward the Mean
extreme scores move closer to average over time
Card 41
Percentile Rank
percentage of scores below a given score
Card 42
Confidentiality
participants’ identities are kept secret
Card 43
Informed Consent
participants must agree to take part
Card 44
Informed Assent
minors and parents must agree
Card 45
Debriefing
participants are told the true purpose after the study
Card 46
Deception
must be justified and necessary
Card 47
No Harm
participants must not be harmed physically or mentally
Card 48
Surveys
self-report method that can produce correlation data
Card 49
Subject Self-Report Bias
errors from inaccurate self-reporting
Card 50
Social Desirability
tendency to present oneself favorably
Card 51
Wording Effects
how question phrasing influences answers
Card 52
Random Sample
selection method where everyone has an equal chance
Card 53
Representative Sample
sample that reflects the population
Card 54
Convenience Sample
sample chosen for ease, less generalizable
Card 55
Sampling Bias
unrepresentative sample due to flawed selection
Card 56
Cultural Norms
group beliefs that influence results
Card 57
Experimenter Bias
researcher expectations influence outcomes
Card 58
Participant Bias
participant expectations influence outcomes
Card 59
Cognitive Bias
errors in thinking and judgment
Card 60
Confirmation Bias
seeking information that supports beliefs
Card 61
Hindsight Bias
belief that one “knew it all along”
Card 62
Overconfidence
overestimating knowledge or abilities
Card 63
Peer Review
research must be evaluated by others
Card 64
Adequate Sample Size
enough participants to ensure valid results