APUSH Unit 6
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APUSH Unit 6
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This flashcard set explores critical developments in U.S. history from 1865 to 1898, focusing on the rise of industrial capitalism, significant social changes, and political evolution. Learners will practice key concepts such as the transformations in the Great Plains, the impact of immigration, labor movements, and reforms aimed at addressing urban challenges. Topics include prominent figures like Ida B. Wells and Andrew Carnegie, along with significant events such as the Great Railroad Strike and the establishment of the National Labor Union. Through this comprehensive review, students will gain insight into the complex interplay of economic, social, and cultural factors that shaped modern America.
Card 1
What is the historical context for the rise of industrial capitalism in the U.S. from 1865 to 1898?
The rise involved economic, political, social, and cultural developments.
Card 2
How did the Great Plains change after 1865?
The Great Plains saw dramatic changes with new states, towns, and diminished frontiers.
Card 3
What was the original method for electing U.S. senators?
Senators were originally selected by state legislatures.
Card 4
What was the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887?
It aimed to break up tribal organizations and promote assimilation by dividing land into plots for American Indians.
Card 5
What is Marshall's view on the Indian Wars?
Marshall believed greed and aggression by white settlers caused the Indian Wars.
Card 6
Who was Ida B. Wells and what did she campaign against?
Ida B. Wells was an editor who campaigned against lynching and Jim Crow laws.
Card 7
What process did William Kelly discover for producing steel?
Blasting air through molten iron to produce high-quality steel.
Card 8
What were the inefficiencies in early railroads?
Different gauges and incompatible equipment resulted in inefficiencies.
Card 9
What did Russell Conwell preach in 'Acres of Diamonds'?
Everyone had a duty to become rich.
Card 10
What strategies did some workers favor to achieve union goals?
Strikes, picketing, boycotts, and slowdowns.
Card 11
Who wrote 'The New Colossus' and when?
Emma Lazarus wrote 'The New Colossus' in 1883.
Card 12
What was the primary restriction on immigration in the 1870s?
Chinese immigrants were banned from entering the U.S.
Card 13
What caused the creation of the 1882 cartoon against immigration?
Post-Civil War immigration and industrial growth led to tensions over job competition.
Card 14
Who founded the University of Chicago?
John D. Rockefeller founded the University of Chicago.
Card 15
What was Andrew Carnegie likely hoping to promote?
An increase in large-scale philanthropy to fund civic institutions.
Card 16
What literary tradition did Bret Harte break from?
Romantic novels with idealized heroes and heroines.
Card 17
What were the benefits of constructing railroads?
Railroads increased land value and offered transport for mail and troops.
Card 18
What was the impact of the money supply change in the 1890s?
Loans became slightly easier to repay.
Card 19
What was the Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894?
It provided moderate tariff reductions and a 2% tax on incomes over $2,000.
Card 20
What perspective does McElroy have about politics?
McElroy was cynical and saw politics as corrupt.
Card 21
What was the effect of economic issues on continuity in the 'New South' from 1865 to 1898?
Economic issues contributed to continuities such as reliance on agriculture and labor systems tied to previous practices.
Card 22
How many miles of railroads expanded each decade during the Gilded Age?
Railroads expanded more than 45,000 miles each decade.
Card 23
What happened to the buffalo herds by 1900?
The buffalo herds were wiped out by 1900.
Card 24
How was the graduated income tax structured?
People with higher incomes paid higher tax rates.
Card 25
Why did the Plains tribes refuse reservations?
They wanted to continue following the migrating buffalo instead of being confined to reservations.
Card 26
How does Cozzens interpret the Indian Wars?
Cozzens viewed the wars as clashes between migrating peoples due to white settlements.
Card 27
What organization did Bishop Henry Turner create in 1894, and why?
Bishop Henry Turner created the International Migration Society to help Blacks emigrate to Africa.
Card 28
Why did the Great Lakes region become a steel production center?
Abundant coal reserves and access to Minnesotas Mesabi Range iron ore.
Card 29
How were trunk lines significant in the railroad industry?
Trunk lines were major routes connecting large cities, improving efficiency.
Card 30
How did the richest 10% control wealth by the 1890s?
They controlled 90% of the nation's wealth.
Card 31
What was the Great Railroad Strike of 1877?
A large labor strike in 1877 due to wage cuts, spreading across 11 states.
Card 32
What was the Worlds Columbian Exposition?
A worlds fair in Chicago attended by over 12 million people in 1893.
Card 33
Who was affected by the Miners Tax enacted in California?
Foreign-born miners, particularly Chinese immigrants, were taxed.
Card 34
Why did some disagree with the 1882 anti-immigration cartoon?
Some believed in the benefits of immigration and cultural diversity.
Card 35
What percentage of colleges admitted women by 1900?
71 percent of colleges admitted women by 1900.
Card 36
What did Stuart M. Blumin describe about post-Civil War America?
The difficulty in denying class differences due to sorting in workplaces and metropolitan spaces.
Card 37
Who was the first great realist author?
Mark Twain, known for 'The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn'.
Card 38
What negative consequences did railroad subsidies have?
Subsidies led to poor construction, corruption, and land control by railroads.
Card 39
What does the Gilded Age Alliance Songster suggest?
It criticizes the Money Ring and economic disparity.
Card 40
Why was the income tax declared unconstitutional in 1894?
It was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court before the 16th Amendment.
Card 41
What does McElroy compare politics to in his satire?
Politics is compared to poker.
Card 42
How did industrial capitalism foster change in society from 1865 to 1898?
Industrial capitalism led to urbanization, labor disputes, and a shift from agrarian to industrial societies.
Card 43
Who were the "captains of industry" and what did they do?
They controlled large corporations, created fortunes, and lived in grand homes.
Card 44
What was the impact of California's gold rush of 1849?
The gold rush set a pattern for future gold rushes and settlement in the West.
Card 45
What did farmers want by increasing the money supply?
To create inflation and raise crop prices.
Card 46
What was the Indian Appropriation Act of 1871?
It ended the recognition of tribes as independent nations and stopped the negotiation of treaties with them.
Card 47
What major difference exists between Marshall's and Cozzens's interpretations?
Marshall saw it as a product of greed, Cozzens saw it as migrating groups clashing.
Card 48
What approach did Booker T. Washington advocate for African Americans?
Booker T. Washington advocated accommodating oppression and economic self-help.
Card 49
Who was Thomas Edison and what was his first invention?
A telegraph operator; his first invention was a voting machine.
Card 50
Who was Cornelius Vanderbilt and what was his role in railroads?
Vanderbilt merged local railroads into the New York Central Railroad.
Card 51
Who were some examples of 'self-made men' admired by Americans?
Andrew Carnegie and Thomas Edison.
Card 52
Who used federal troops to end the Great Railroad Strike?
President Rutherford B. Hayes.
Card 53
How did Chicago's population change by 1893?
It grew from 4,000 to over a million, becoming the second largest city.
Card 54
What impact did the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 have?
It banned all new immigration from China until 1965.
Card 55
What event showed the effectiveness of the 1882 cartoon?
Legislation like the Chinese Exclusion Act was influenced by such sentiments.
Card 56
Which colleges were founded to support African American education?
Fisk, Howard, Morehouse, and Meharry Medical College.
Card 57
What caused the sorting out of classes at workplaces from 1865 to 1900?
Industrialization and economic changes increased class distinctions.
Card 58
What is the focus of naturalism in literature?
It focuses on how emotions and experiences shape human experiences.
Card 59
What was the Crdit Mobilier scandal?
Crdit Mobilier was a scandal where officials were bribed for profits.
Card 60
What characterized political campaigns during the Gilded Age?
They featured strong voter turnout and lively events.
Card 61
Who led the march to Washington in 1894?
Jacob S. Coxey led the march from Ohio.
Card 62
What does McElroy believe about government's nature?
He viewed it as government by and for politicians.
Card 63
How did the federal government's role in the economy change after 1865?
The role increased with policies supporting industrial expansion and infrastructure development.
Card 64
What industries were considered large-scale and capital intensive during this period?
Railroads, steel, and mining were capital intensive.
Card 65
What was placer mining?
Placer mining involved searching for gold in streams using basic tools.
Card 66
What did the Alliance platform propose regarding crop storage?
Federal storage for farmers' crops and federal loans.
Card 67
Who were Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse?
Leaders of the Sioux who resisted U.S. expansion and fought in the Sioux Wars.
Card 68
How might the Louisiana Purchase support Marshall's view?
It highlights the pressures on Native populations due to territorial expansion.
Card 69
Why did Booker T. Washington emphasize economic self-help?
He believed earning money was more empowering than a political ballot for African Americans.
Card 70
What was significant about Edison's Menlo Park laboratory?
It was the first modern research lab, promoting team-based innovation.
Card 71
What problems did railroads face post-Civil War?
Railroads faced overbuilding, mismanagement, and fraud.
Card 72
What was typical of a wealthy businessperson's background in the era?
White, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant males from upper- or middle-class backgrounds.
Card 73
What was the National Labor Union and its goals?
The first national union to organize all workers; goals included higher wages and an eight-hour day.
Card 74
What were some push factors for European emigration?
Poverty, overcrowding, joblessness, and religious persecution.
Card 75
What reasons did labor unions have for opposing immigration?
They believed immigrants depressed wages and broke strikes.
Card 76
What was one result of the immigrant influx to American cities (1865-1900)?
Overcrowding in cities led to tenement housing and poor living conditions.
Card 77
How did college enrollment change from 1870 to 1920?
Enrollment increased from 50,000 in 1870 to over 600,000 by 1920.
Card 78
What led to the specific social identity Blumin mentioned from 1865 to 1900?
Cultural and economic shifts created a distinct middle-class identity.
Card 79
How does 'Maggie: A Girl of the Streets' portray urban life?
As a brutal environment that can destroy young lives.
Card 80
What did the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 regulate?
The act regulated railroad rates to be 'reasonable and just.'
Card 81
Why were presidents of the Gilded Age considered "forgettable"?
They largely avoided major policy decisions and controversies.
Card 82
What did Coxey's Army demand in 1894?
They demanded $500 million for public works programs to create jobs.
Card 83
Which event refutes McElroy's view on political reform?
The changes after President James Garfield's assassination in 1881.
Card 84
Were major political parties similar during the Gilded Age?
Major political parties had similar positions on key issues like economic growth, but differed slightly on specific policies.
Card 85
How did Europeans contribute to the U.S. industries?
Europeans with surplus wealth helped fund stock and bond sales.
Card 86
Which states experienced gold and silver strikes in the late 1800s?
South Dakota, Colorado, Montana, Idaho, Nevada, and Arizona.
Card 87
Who supported alliance goals in elections?
Farmers supported candidates who aligned with alliance goals.
Card 88
What happened at the Battle of Little Big Horn?
In 1876, the Sioux ambushed and destroyed Colonel George Custers command.
Card 89
How could the Homestead Act support Cozzens's interpretation?
It encouraged migration to the Great Plains, intensifying conflicts over land.
Card 90
What was the Atlanta Compromise according to Booker T. Washington?
It was an agreement to not challenge segregation in exchange for some support from Whites.
Card 91
What were some of Edisons notable inventions?
Phonograph, dynamo, mimeograph machine, motion picture camera, lightbulb.
Card 92
Who was Jay Gould and what was his impact on railroads?
Gould was a speculator who profited from manipulating railroad stock.
Card 93
Why did corporations want to do business in Latin America and Asia?
To obtain raw materials and sell goods abroad.
Card 94
Why did the National Labor Union lose support?
A depression in 1873 and unsuccessful 1877 strikes.
Card 95
What did pull factors to the U.S. include in the 19th century?
Political and religious freedom, economic opportunities, and industrial jobs.
Card 96
Why did employers fear immigrants despite benefiting from them?
They feared immigrants would advocate radical reforms.
Card 97
Why were American cities slow to address urban problems in the late 1800s?
Rapid city growth and lack of funds caused slow problem resolution.
Card 98
What curricular changes did Charles W. Eliot introduce at Harvard?
Eliot reduced required courses and introduced electives.
Card 99
How did workplace changes affect working women from 1865 to 1900?
Changes in work opportunities led to more women entering the workforce.
Card 100
Which novel depicts the Civil War's psychological impact?
'The Red Badge of Courage' by Stephen Crane.
Card 101
What was the purpose of the Interstate Commerce Commission?
The ICC investigated unfair practices and prosecuted participating companies.
Card 102
What role did party patronage play in Gilded Age politics?
It was central to winning elections and distributing jobs.
Card 103
What message did Coin's Financial School convey?
It claimed prosperity would return with unlimited silver coinage.
Card 104
What was the goal of the Populists according to Hofstadter?
To reclaim a past America with fewer millionaires and more abundance.
Card 105
How did business organization changes affect the U.S. between 1865 and 1898?
Business changes like corporations and marketing strategies helped expand national markets.
Card 106
What technological advances occurred in the steel industry?
Technology made steel cheaper and stronger, increasing productivity.
Card 107
What was the Comstock Lode and its significance?
The Comstock Lode was a major silver find that led to Nevada statehood in 1864.
Card 108
What impact did the Grange and farmers' alliances have on politics?
They influenced the Populist movement, affecting the political system.
Card 109
What was the Ghost Dance movement?
A religious movement among American Indians aimed at restoring their way of life and resisting U.S. government control.
Card 110
What effect did Turner attribute to the frontier experience?
Turner believed the frontier fostered individualism and democracy.
Card 111
What organization did Washington found in 1900 and for what purpose?
Washington founded the National Negro Business League to support Black-owned businesses.
Card 112
How did Edison's electric lightbulb impact society?
It revolutionized life, transforming work and shopping habits.
Card 113
What was the outcome of the financial panic of 1893 for railroads?
It led to bankruptcies and consolidation under bankers like Morgan.
Card 114
What percentage of U.S. imports came from Cuba, Brazil, and Asia around 1900?
About 30% of U.S. imports.
Card 115
What were the main reforms advocated by the Knights of Labor?
Worker cooperatives, abolishing child labor, abolishing trusts, and arbitration of disputes.
Card 116
Who were considered 'old' immigrants?
Immigrants from northern and western Europe, like the British, Germans, and Scandinavians.
Card 117
Who were the Nativists and what did they oppose?
Nativists were mainly Protestants who opposed Catholic immigrants.
Card 118
What reform movement developed to address urban problems (1865-1900)?
The Progressive Movement aimed to address such issues through reforms.
Card 119
When was Johns Hopkins University founded and what was its focus?
Johns Hopkins University was founded in 1876, focusing on research and graduate studies.
Card 120
What educational development was influenced by 1865-1898 economic changes?
Public education expanded due to economic and cultural changes.
Card 121
What is the theme of 'The Call of the Wild'?
The conflict between nature and civilization.
Card 122
How did the Interstate Commerce Commission affect farmers?
It helped stabilize rates but provided little help to farmers.
Card 123
What was the Republican Party's core strength in the Gilded Age?
Support from business, middle-class Protestants, and anti-slavery reformers.
Card 124
What event discredited the conservative Democratic leadership?
The repeal of the Silver Purchase Act and the depression mishandling.
Card 125
How did Foner describe the Populists' approach to freedom?
Populists sought to redefine freedom beyond laissez-faire economics.
Card 126
What cultural factors influenced internal migration from 1865 to 1898?
Cultural factors like religious communities and ethnic group settlements influenced migration patterns.
Card 127
How many new patents were issued from 1860 to 1890?
440,000 new patents sparked a second industrial revolution.
Card 128
How did boomtowns transform over time?
Boomtowns often became ghost towns after resources ran out.
Card 129
What did the Ocala Platform demand regarding national banks?
It called for the abolition of national banks.
Card 130
What was Helen Hunt Jackson's book about?
A Century of Dishonor highlighted injustices against American Indians and generated support for assimilation.
Card 131
What was one effect of the frontier closing on society?
It reduced opportunities, causing economic and social adjustments.
Card 132
How did some civil rights leaders react to Washington's approach?
Some praised him for self-reliance; others criticized him for accepting discrimination.
Card 133
What inventions did George Westinghouse develop?
Air brake for railroads and AC transformer for electric power distribution.
Card 134
How did J. Pierpont Morgan influence the railroad industry?
Morgan stabilized rates and reduced debts, creating monopolies.
Card 135
What percentage of world exports did the U.S. account for around 1900?
About 15% of world exports.
Card 136
How did the Haymarket Bombing affect the Knights of Labor?
It decreased their popularity and membership due to perceived violence.
Card 137
Who were considered 'new' immigrants?
Immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, like Italians, Greeks, and Russians.
Card 138
What was the belief of Social Darwinists regarding immigrants?
They believed non-European immigrants were biologically inferior.
Card 139
How did industrialization affect the American middle class?
It created many higher-paying jobs and increased leisure time for the middle class.
Card 140
What fields emerged as the social sciences in the late 19th century?
Psychology, sociology, anthropology, and political science emerged.
Card 141
How was urban development affected by the middle class growth from 1865 to 1898?
Middle class expansion led to suburban development and urban growth.
Card 142
Which novel shocked moral sensibilities in 1900?
'Sister Carrie' by Theodore Dreiser.
Card 143
What led to the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890?
Concern over corporate trusts' power led to the act.
Card 144
How did Democrats maintain control in the South after 1877?
Through control of the "solid South" and support from political machines.
Card 145
What was significant about the 1896 presidential election?
It marked a transition in political party dynamics and introduced new issues.
Card 146
What is one key proposal of the Populist Party?
They proposed changes in politics and elections, like direct senatorial elections.
Card 147
How did reform movements respond to industrialization problems between 1865 and 1898?
They focused on labor rights, public health, and regulation of monopolies.
Card 148
How did American industries connect to expanding markets?
Industries connected through railroads, steamships, telegraphs, cables, and telephones.
Card 149
What impact did Mark Twain have in Virginia City?
Mark Twain began his writing career at a Virginia City newspaper.
Card 150
How did the Ocala Platform suggest loans be provided?
Loans should be provided at low interest on non-perishable goods and real estate.
Card 151
What did the Dawes Act aim to do?
To assimilate American Indians by dividing their land and granting citizenship to those adopting 'civilized' habits.
Card 152
How did religion shape American culture between 1865 and 1898?
Religion intensified moral and cultural debates during this period.
Card 153
What perspective did W. E. B. Du Bois advocate for African Americans?
W. E. B. Du Bois demanded an end to segregation and equal civil rights for all.
Card 154
What was the competition between Edison and Westinghouse about?
AC technology dominated and replaced Edisons DC technology.
Card 155
What was the public perception of railroads in late 19th century?
Investors and small customers felt victimized by financial schemes.
Card 156
What idea is William Graham Sumner associated with regarding competition?
Competition is the law of nature, favoring the fittest.
Card 157
What was the focus of the American Federation of Labor?
Focusing on economic goals like higher wages and working conditions.
Card 158
What was the Chinese Exclusion Act?
A law that ended Chinese immigration to the U.S. in 1882.
Card 159
How did the Contract Labor Law of 1885 affect immigration?
It restricted temporary workers to protect American jobs.
Card 160
What roles did white-collar workers play in the late 19th century?
They coordinated operations and filled roles like sales, accounting, and clerical work.
Card 161
Who attacked laissez-faire economic thought and why?
Richard T. Ely attacked it as dogmatic and outdated.
Card 162
How did the growth of the middle class affect popular culture from 1865 to 1898?
Middle-class growth led to an increase in leisure activities and consumer culture.
Card 163
Who is a prominent American seascape painter?
Winslow Homer.
Card 164
Why was the Sherman Antitrust Act initially ineffective?
It was vague and limited to commerce, not manufacturing.
Card 165
Why did Republicans wave the "bloody shirt" during campaigns?
To remind voters of the Civil War and promote anti-Democrat sentiments.
Card 166
What was William Jennings Bryan's famous speech in 1896?
The 'Cross of Gold' speech calling against the gold standard.
Card 167
How did the 1896 election change due to the money supply debate?
It shifted focus to economic debates influencing political alignment.
Card 168
How was Social Darwinism used to defend the economic order from 1865 to 1898?
It justified wealth disparity as a natural result of 'survival of the fittest'.
Card 169
What political policies benefited American businesses during this period?
Pro-growth policies protected property, avoided regulation, and supported tariffs.
Card 170
What economic potential was realized in the grasslands post-Civil War?
Ranchers saw potential in vast grasslands for large-scale cattle ranching.
Card 171
What was the Ocala Platform's stance on the silver coinage?
It demanded free and unlimited coinage of silver.
Card 172
What marked the end of the Indian Wars?
The massacre at Wounded Knee in 1890.
Card 173
What was the vision of the 'New South'?
The 'New South' aspired to industrial growth and improved race relations.
Card 174
What continued to dominate race relations in the South until the civil rights movement?
White supremacy and segregation dominated until the civil rights movement of the 1950s-1960s.
Card 175
How did transportation advancements affect city growth?
Allowed urban expansion by enabling longer commutes on public transport.
Card 176
What was Carnegies strategy in the steel industry?
Carnegie used vertical integration to dominate the steel industry.
Card 177
What does 'survival of the fittest' refer to in Sumner's writing?
Rewards given to the most fit individuals in society.
Card 178
Who led the American Federation of Labor and its goals?
Samuel Gompers; focused on higher wages and improved conditions.
Card 179
Which Asian countries contributed immigrants in the early 1900s?
Immigrants from Japan, Korea, and the Philippines.
Card 180
What was the significance of Ellis Island in 1892?
Ellis Island became an immigration center requiring medical exams.
Card 181
What was Andrew Carnegie's 'Gospel of Wealth'?
It argued that the wealthy should use their riches to improve society.
Card 182
What statistical methods did W.E.B. Du Bois use in his studies?
Du Bois used new statistical methods to study urban crime.
Card 183
What did Henry George propose in 'Progress and Poverty'?
Replacing all taxes with a single tax on land.
Card 184
What subjects did Thomas Eakins focus on in his art?
Surgical scenes and working-class life.
Card 185
How did foreign policy shape economic changes in the U.S.?
Purchasing Alaska and annexing Hawaii promoted trade and influence.
Card 186
What caused tariff policies to become a political issue from 1877 to 1900?
Rising national attention due to economic debates and political division.
Card 187
What did the Democratic platform call for in 1896?
The unlimited coinage of silver at a 16 to 1 ratio with gold.
Card 188
What was a result of the 1896 election for American politics?
The election marked a significant shift toward political realignment.
Card 189
How did business leaders impact the American economy and society from 1865 to 1900?
Leaders like Carnegie and Rockefeller shaped economic growth and philanthropy, influencing social dynamics.
Card 190
What issues did governments ignore leading to debates over the economy?
Governments ignored workers, farmers, consumers, and urban issues, causing economic debates.
Card 191
Who were the vaqueros?
Vaqueros were Mexican cowboys who influenced cattle ranching traditions.
Card 192
Why did the Ocala Platform demand lower tariffs?
To remove the tariff tax burden on necessities for the poor.
Card 193
What happened to the buffalo by the early 1880s?
The buffalo were nearly exterminated, destroying the way of life of Plains Indians.
Card 194
Who promoted the idea of the 'New South'?
Henry Grady, editor of the Atlanta Constitution, advocated it.
Card 195
What was Henry Grady's key idea regarding the South?
Henry Grady believed the South needed to industrialize.
Card 196
What was the significance of the Brooklyn Bridge in 1883?
It enabled longer commutes between city centers and residential areas.
Card 197
How did United States Steel become significant?
It was the first billion-dollar company, dominating steel production.
Card 198
Who is associated with the saying 'God gave me my riches'?
John D. Rockefeller.
Card 199
What was the result of the Homestead Strike?
It set back the steel industry union movement until the 1930s.
Card 200
How did urbanization affect U.S. residents by 1900?
40 percent of Americans lived in towns or cities by 1900.
Card 201
During the 1890s depression, how did nativist sentiment manifest?
Foreign-born residents were blamed for economic problems.
Card 202
How did Andrew Carnegie use his wealth philanthropically?
Carnegie funded libraries, universities, concert halls, and public institutions.
Card 203
What was Clarence Darrow's view on criminal behavior?
Darrow argued it could be caused by environment, not inherent traits.
Card 204
What was the impact of Henry George's and Edward Bellamy's writings?
They shifted opinion away from laissez-faire economics toward more government regulation.
Card 205
Which painting is known as 'Whistlers Mother'?
'Arrangement in Grey and Black, No. 1'.
Card 206
What was the Pendleton Act of 1881?
It created a system for federal job selection based on exams.
Card 207
What were Populists' demands in the Omaha Platform?
Unlimited silver coinage, income tax, and government control of utilities.
Card 208
Who were the Gold Bug Democrats?
Democrats opposing free silver, supporting gold standard.
Card 209
How did industrialization affect migration patterns by 1898?
It increased migration to Northeastern and Midwestern cities.
Card 210
What was William H. Vanderbilt's view on running railroads for public benefit?
Vanderbilt prioritized investor returns over public benefits, dismissing public sentiments.
Card 211
What was the impact of migration and urbanization during this period?
Migration and urbanization led to economic growth, cultural diversity, and conflicts.
Card 212
Why did cattle drives decline in the 1880s?
Overgrazing, harsh weather, and homesteader fences contributed to the decline.
Card 213
How did the Ocala Platform affect income tax policy?
It demanded a just system of graduated income tax.
Card 214
Who is credited with starting the Sierra Club?
John Muir founded the Sierra Club in 1892 to preserve natural areas.
Card 215
What economic strategy did Southern cities use to attract businesses?
They offered tax exemptions and promised low-wage labor.
Card 216
What did Henry Grady believe the South needed to do?
Grady believed the South needed to industrialize to become self-sufficient.
Card 217
What made skyscrapers possible in the late 1800s?
Steel skeletons, Otis elevator, and central steam-heating systems.
Card 218
Who drilled the first U.S. oil well and where?
Edwin Drake in Pennsylvania drilled the first U.S. oil well in 1859.
Card 219
What concept did Horatio Alger Jr.'s novels promote?
Young men becoming wealthy through honesty and hard work.
Card 220
What triggered the Pullman Strike in 1894?
Wage cuts and the firing of worker leaders by Pullman.
Card 221
What characterized streetcar suburbs?
Residential areas along transit routes for the upper and middle classes.
Card 222
Despite early restrictions, what was the trend in U.S. immigration from 1860 to 1920?
The foreign-born population remained 13-15% of the total population.
Card 223
What was the employment status of women around 1900?
One in five adult women worked, mainly in low-status jobs.
Card 224
How did leisure time become a big business in the late 19th century?
Increased incomes and reduced work hours promoted leisure activities.
Card 225
How did religions adapt to modern urban living?
Religions grew and adapted, such as Roman Catholicism with immigrant support.
Card 226
What art style did Mary Cassatt adopt?
Impressionism with use of pastel colors.
Card 227
How did the Pendleton Act change political practices?
Politicians relied more on wealthy donors for campaign funding.
Card 228
What did Grover Cleveland do during the Panic of 1893?
Supported the gold standard and took a hands-off approach.
Card 229
Who was the Republican nominee in 1896?
William McKinley was the Republican candidate.
Card 230
What cultural changes did industrialization bring by 1898?
It expanded the middle class influencing reform and educational movements.
Card 231
What did Thomas Edison say about his laboratory's capabilities?
Edison claimed unmatched capability in invention and production efficiency, boasting modern facilities.
Card 232
Why did new immigrants enter the U.S. in the late 1800s?
Opportunities in cities and westward expansion pulled new immigrants.
Card 233
What role did barbed wire play in the farming frontier?
Barbed wire allowed farmers to fence land where wood was scarce.
Card 234
What was the significance of direct senatorial elections in the Ocala Platform?
To reform the Senate dominated by powerful business interests.
Card 235
What did the Forest Reserve Act of 1891 do?
It withdrew federal timberlands from development and regulated their use.
Card 236
How did Birmingham, Alabama, change in the late 19th century?
Birmingham became a leading steel producer.
Card 237
What developments reflected Gradys hopes for the South?
Railroads, textile mills, and steel factories developed in the South.
Card 238
Who designed the first true skyscraper and when?
William Le Baron Jenny; it was built in 1885 in Chicago.
Card 239
What was the significance of the Standard Oil Trust by 1881?
It controlled 90% of oil refinery business, creating a monopoly.
Card 240
What was the main subject of Andrew Carnegie's 'Gospel of Wealth'?
The importance and benefits of competition.
Card 241
How did the government respond to the Pullman Strike?
President Cleveland used the army to run mail trains and issued court orders against the strike.
Card 242
What law did New York City pass in 1879?
A law requiring each bedroom to have a window in tenements.
Card 243
What role did political machines play in the lives of immigrants?
They provided services in exchange for votes from immigrants.
Card 244
What jobs did women move into as clerical demand increased?
Women became secretaries, bookkeepers, typists, and operators.
Card 245
Who published the New York World, exceeding a million in circulation?
Joseph Pulitzer published the New York World.
Card 246
What was the Social Gospel Movement?
A movement applying Christian principles to societal issues like poverty.
Card 247
Who painted scenes of urban life in poor neighborhoods?
George Bellows of the Ashcan School.
Card 248
What was the main economic debate during the Gilded Age?
Whether to expand the money supply was the hot topic.
Card 249
How did President Cleveland respond to the silver price decline?
Repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act and borrowed from Morgan.
Card 250
Who was Mark Hanna and what was his role?
He was a financial supporter of McKinley, organizing the campaign.
Card 251
How did large-scale industries affect US markets?
Industries like Carnegie Steel and Rockefeller's Standard Oil drove efficiency and dominance.
Card 252
How did Andrew Carnegie view wealth distribution and competition?
He believed competition ensured societal progress and justified economic inequality.
Card 253
What were the urban conditions like due to unplanned growth?
Cities lacked sanitary systems, degraded the environment, and were overcrowded.
Card 254
What challenges did homesteaders face on the Great Plains?
Homesteaders faced harsh weather, lack of resources, and isolation.
Card 255
What was the primary belief behind the Ocala Platform?
That increasing money supply would aid indebted farmers.
Card 256
Who was Chief Joseph?
Leader of the Nez Perc who attempted to lead his people to Canada in 1877.
Card 257
What role did Richmond, Virginia, play in the South's economy?
Richmond became the center of the tobacco industry.
Card 258
Who advocated for developing a "New South"?
Southerners who wanted to develop a "New South."
Card 259
How did department stores and mail-order companies change consumerism?
They popularized shopping and made goods accessible nationwide.
Card 260
How did Rockefeller's practices impact rival companies?
He extorted rebates and cut prices to force rivals out.
Card 261
What is social Darwinism often linked to in economic terms?
Laissez-faire capitalism and inequality.
Card 262
What was the significance of In re Debs (1895)?
It allowed court injunctions against strikes, empowering employers.
Card 263
What were ethnic neighborhoods?
Neighborhoods where immigrants maintained their culture and language.
Card 264
How did political bosses gain loyalty from immigrants?
By offering jobs and assistance like food and housing.
Card 265
What was the impact of income on urban residential patterns in the U.S.?
Wealthy and middle-class people moved to suburbs, unlike Europe's city-centric living.
Card 266
Which types of performances were popular in late 19th-century theaters?
Vaudeville and Traveling circuses were popular with audiences.
Card 267
Who was a key figure in the Social Gospel Movement?
Walter Rauschenbusch, advocating for the poor and linking Christianity with reform.
Card 268
What art movement was rejected until the 1950s?
Abstract, nonrepresentational paintings.
Card 269
Who favored 'soft' money and why?
Debtors and farmers wanted easy money for low interest rates.
Card 270
Who was James Weaver and what did he accomplish?
Populist presidential candidate in 1892, won Electoral College votes.
Card 271
How did Bryan campaign in 1896?
He traveled extensively, giving over 600 speeches.
Card 272
What example supports the rise of the cattle-ranching industry?
The use of barbed wire for fencing supported cattle ranching.
Card 273
What was James B. Weaver's opinion on trusts in 1892?
Weaver viewed trusts as monopolistic and harmful to competition and trade.
Card 274
What cultural developments arose from the expanding middle class?
The middle class had more leisure time and developed sports, music, and theater.
Card 275
What was dry farming?
Dry farming used specific techniques to conserve moisture.
Card 276
Which group did the Ocala Platform connect with later?
It connected with the Populist movement.
Card 277
How did the Red River War affect the Plains Indians?
It was a conflict where U.S. forces suppressed Comanche resistance on the southern plains in 1874-1875.
Card 278
Why did the South's industrial growth lag behind?
Northern investments dominated industry, limiting local growth.
Card 279
What inventions improved communication after the Civil War?
The telegraph by Samuel F. B. Morse and later the transatlantic cable.
Card 280
What role did R. H. Macy play in marketing innovations?
He popularized large department stores in urban centers.
Card 281
What is a trust in the context of industrial corporations?
A trust manages the assets of multiple companies under one board.
Card 282
What does Carnegie's 'Gospel of Wealth' suggest about competition?
Competition is beneficial and essential for progress.
Card 283
What shift did Eugene V. Debs make after jail?
He moved towards socialism and helped found the American Socialist Party.
Card 284
Why did 'birds of passage' return home?
They returned after saving money from working in the U.S.
Card 285
How did settlement houses assist immigrants?
Settlement houses provided education and social services.
Card 286
Why did middle-class families move to suburbs in the late 19th century?
Reasons included affordable land, transport options, and racial preferences.
Card 287
What role did commuter companies play in promoting leisure activities?
They created parks to promote weekend recreation.
Card 288
What role did social workers play in reform movements?
They laid the groundwork for social work and campaigned for various legal reforms.
Card 289
Who changed American architecture in the 1870s?
Henry Hobson Richardson with Romanesque style.
Card 290
Why did some support 'hard' money?
They believed money backed by gold would prevent inflation.
Card 291
Why did the Populist ticket fail to attract urban workers in 1892?
Due to fear of aligning with racial unity movements.
Card 292
What was McKinley's strategy in the 1896 campaign?
He conducted a front-porch campaign, using mass media.
Card 293
How is the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 contextualized?
It was part of labor unrest tied to industrial expansion.
Card 294
What are the consequences of trusts according to James B. Weaver?
Trusts were seen as raising consumer prices and exploiting producers and labor.
Card 295
What inspired new intellectual movements during the Gilded Age?
The successes and failures inspired support and challenges to capitalism.
Card 296
How did U.S. farmers' roles change by the end of the 1800s?
Farmers became more specialized and commercialized jeopardizing small farms.
Card 297
How did the opening of the Oklahoma Territory impact settlement?
It led to the last great land rush in the West.
Card 298
What did the Indian Reorganization Act promote?
It promoted the reestablishment of tribal organization and culture.
Card 299
How did Northern financing affect the Southern economy?
It resulted in profits leaving the South, limiting local benefits.
Card 300
How did Cyrus W. Field's invention of the transatlantic cable impact communication?
It enabled nearly instantaneous global communication, internationalizing markets.
Card 301
Who used advertising to create a consumer culture?
Advertisers and marketers promoted a consumer economy and culture.
Card 302
What is horizontal integration?
A company takes control of former competitors in an industry.
Card 303
What role did Rockefeller see for cooperation and competition?
Cooperation was seen as successful, shown by Standard Oil.
Card 304
By 1900, what percentage of American workers were unionized?
About 3% of workers belonged to unions.
Card 305
How did immigrants affect Chicago's demographics in 1893?
More than three-fourths were either foreign-born or children of immigrants.
Card 306
What was the perspective of the salad bowl analogy on cultural diversity?
Each ethnic culture remains distinct, like ingredients in a salad.
Card 307
What contributions did Frederick Law Olmsted make to urban design?
Olmsted designed Central Park and suburban communities with parks and curves.
Card 308
Which musical forms expanded in popularity due to New Orleans performers?
Jazz, ragtime, and blues expanded in popularity.
Card 309
How did urban life strain families in the late 19th century?
Isolation and lack of extended family support increased divorce rates.
Card 310
Which style did Louis Sullivan reject?
Historical styles in favor of new designs.
Card 311
What was the Greenback Party's goal?
To increase money in circulation through paper currency.
Card 312
What economic reforms did the Populist Party advocate?
Reforms included silver coinage, income tax, and worker rights.
Card 313
What factors contributed to McKinley's victory?
Increased wheat prices and employer threats against Bryan.
Card 314
What historical development is related to the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882?
It set legal precedents affecting immigration policy.
Card 315
What metaphor did Pullman strikers use to describe Pullman's influence in 1894?
Pullman was described as an 'ulcer' harming societal well-being.
Card 316
What did reform movements demand in response to economic and cultural changes?
They demanded changes in economic, political, and cultural institutions.
Card 317
What led to the decline of farm prices in the late 1800s?
Increased global production led to falling farm prices and deflation.
Card 318
What was Frederick Jackson Turner's view on American history?
He believed the Great West, not the Atlantic coast, was central.
Card 319
What was the Santa Fe Trail?
A trade route from Santa Fe, New Mexico, to western Missouri, used until 1880.
Card 320
What hindered education in the South post-Civil War?
Insufficient investment in public education and technical schools.
Card 321
What technological advancements were essential for business in the late 19th century?
Inventions like the typewriter, telephone, cash register, and calculating machines.
Card 322
How did refrigerators and canning change American eating habits?
They made mass-produced food items common, altering diets.
Card 323
What is vertical integration?
A company controls all stages of production, reducing costs.
Card 324
What tactic did employers use to prevent workers from joining unions?
Yellow-dog contracts.
Card 325
Which regions saw concentrated industrial growth during the Gilded Age?
The Northeast and Midwest.
Card 326
What were the effects of mass transportation on urban workers?
It segregated workers by income, moving wealthier residents to suburbs.
Card 327
According to Oscar Handlin, what was the experience of first-generation immigrants?
They felt alienated and retained their cultural identity.
Card 328
What was the City Beautiful movement?
It aimed to beautify cities with parks and cultural attractions.
Card 329
What was significant about President Taft's action in baseball in 1909?
Taft started the tradition of the president throwing out the first ball.
Card 330
What were the consequences of urban living on family size?
Families had fewer children due to urban economic conditions.
Card 331
What architectural style did Frank Lloyd Wright develop?
An organic style in harmony with natural surroundings.
Card 332
What was the 'Crime of 1873'?
Stopping silver coinage was criticized as the 'Crime of 1873.'
Card 333
How did the Depression of 1893 affect employment?
Unemployment reached 20%, and many relied on soup kitchens.
Card 334
How did McKinley's presidency impact the U.S. economy?
The economy revived due to gold discoveries in Alaska and rising farm prices.
Card 335
What was the significance of Hull House in 1889?
Hull House served as a community center for immigrants.
Card 336
What was the role of the American Railway Union according to the Pullman strikers?
They called for action to stop wage reductions and labor exploitation.
Card 337
Who protested against unfair railroad rates and banking practices?
Farm organizations and industrial workers.
Card 338
What were challenges faced by farmers due to industrial corporations?
Farmers faced high costs from monopolies, middlemen, and railroads.
Card 339
What groups shaped the culture of the Great Plains and Far West?
Native Americans, Mexican Americans, Asian immigrants, and others.
Card 340
How were Mexican Americans affected post-Mexican War?
They lost lands to legal maneuvers and Anglo settlers, despite guarantees of property rights.
Card 341
What was the state of Southern agriculture by 1900?
Most farmers were tenant farmers or sharecroppers, often in poverty.
Card 342
What were some consumer products widely used by the end of the 19th century?
Kodak camera, fountain pen, and safety razor and blade.
Card 343
Who was responsible for the meat packing innovations?
Gustavus Swift innovated in the meat packing industry.
Card 344
How did holding companies function in the late 19th century?
Holding companies own and control diverse companies, managing them.
Card 345
What was the 'iron law of wages' as described by David Ricardo?
Raising wages leads to more workers and falling wages.
Card 346
What was the role of cities and immigrants in industrial growth?
They facilitated growth by providing labor and developing cities.
Card 347
How did the South's immigrant population compare to the north in early 1900s?
The South had fewer immigrants, with only 2% foreign-born by 1910.
Card 348
How did African Americans experience migration differently, according to Wade?
They faced racism and formed permanent ghettos.
Card 349
How did public schools change after 1865?
Elementary schools promoted the '3 Rs' and moral values.
Card 350
When was the first professional basketball league organized?
The first professional basketball league was organized in 1898.
Card 351
What progress did women make in voting rights by 1900?
Women gained the right to vote in some states and could own property.
Card 352
What is Frederick Law Olmsted known for?
Planning city parks and scenic boulevards.
Card 353
What did the Bland-Allison Act achieve?
It allowed limited coinage of silver, not enough to satisfy demands.
Card 354
What was the result of the Election of 1892 for Populists?
James Weaver won over 1 million votes but failed in general support.
Card 355
What was the significance of the Dingley Tariff of 1897?
It increased the tariff to over 46% and cemented the gold standard.
Card 356
What is an example shaped by the growth of the popular press?
The rise of penny press newspapers.
Card 357
What donations did John D. Rockefeller make to the General Education Board?
John D. Rockefeller donated $129,209,167.10.
Card 358
What role did women play in reform movements during this period?
Women led the campaign for voting rights and temperance.
Card 359
What was the National Grange Movement?
A movement to support farmers through social and educational purposes.
Card 360
What did the 1890 U.S. Census Bureau declare?
It declared the entire frontier had been settled.
Card 361
Why was the conservation movement sparked?
Concerns about deforestation and loss of natural landscapes.
Card 362
Who was George Washington Carver and what did he promote?
He promoted crop diversification to reduce reliance on cotton.
Card 363
What was the breakthrough that launched the heavy steel industry?
The new process for making large quantities of steel from the 1850s.
Card 364
What did Edison claim about his laboratory in 1887?
He claimed it was the largest and best-equipped laboratory for inventions.
Card 365
What were the criticisms of monopolies?
They were thought to stifle competition and innovation, harming economy.
Card 366
What were the main ways workers showed discontent in the late 19th century?
Missing work, quitting, changing jobs, or joining unions.
Card 367
What is 'collective bargaining'?
Negotiating with employers as a group over wages and conditions.
Card 368
What was the impact of dumbbell tenements?
They were overcrowded and unhealthy, promoting disease spread.
Card 369
What are the two prevailing historical views on immigration assimilation?
One sees assimilation building a common culture, another highlights conflict.
Card 370
What led to the rise of public high schools in the late 1800s?
A demand for vocational and citizenship education led to public high schools.
Card 371
Which sports were popular among the prosperous athletic club members?
Golf and tennis were popular among wealthy club members.
Card 372
What was the focus of the Womans Christian Temperance Union?
Promoting total abstinence from alcohol.
Card 373
What dominated Gilded Age business and politics?
Laissez-faire policies and Social Darwinism.
Card 374
Why did farmers oppose high tariffs after the Civil War?
High tariffs increased consumer prices and hurt farmers' sales.
Card 375
What was the Sherman Silver Purchase Act?
An act that increased the purchase of silver to increase money supply.
Card 376
What was the long-term impact of the 1896 election on the Populist Party?
The Populist Party declined and many of its reforms were later adopted by others.
Card 377
What event marked a change in sports culture?
The rise of baseball and other organized sports.
Card 378
How much did Rockefeller donate to the Rockefeller Foundation?
He gave $182,851,480.90 to the Rockefeller Foundation.
Card 379
What was a landmark event in 1869 concerning railroads?
Completion of the first transcontinental railroad.
Card 380
How did the Grangers protect farmers' interests?
Grangers lobbied for laws regulating railroads and cooperatives.
Card 381
What characteristics did Turner attribute to the frontier experience?
He said it promoted independence, individualism, and democracy.
Card 382
What was the outcome of the Modoc War?
The U.S. forced the Modoc to surrender and relocated them, ending in 1873.
Card 383
What was the Farmers Southern Alliance?
It was an organization advocating economic reform for Southern farmers.
Card 384
Who developed the telegraph and when was it demonstrated?
Samuel F. B. Morse developed the telegraph, demonstrated in 1844.
Card 385
What lasting change did Edison's lab introduce?
Team-based invention processes that fostered collaboration.
Card 386
What is laissez-faire capitalism?
Laissez-faire promotes minimal government regulation of businesses.
Card 387
What term describes the early stage assembly line work environment?
Factory workers performed monotonous tasks repeatedly.
Card 388
What events characterized labor movements in the late 19th century?
Frequent strikes and violence due to labor disputes.
Card 389
What led to anti-immigrant sentiment after 1865?
Renewed protests to restrict non-Western European immigrants.
Card 390
How did Tammany Hall influence New York City politics?
It controlled politics through patronage and corruption.
Card 391
What was the significance of the Morrill Acts (1862 and 1890)?
They provided land grants for colleges focusing on practical careers.
Card 392
What were two causes of increased economic opportunity during this period?
Industrialization and urban development increased opportunities.
Card 393
How did the Anti-Saloon League influence alcohol consumption laws?
It helped to close saloons and bars in many states by 1916.
Card 394
How did the federal courts support laissez-faire?
By narrowly interpreting government regulatory powers.
Card 395
What were some major political issues in the late 1800s?
Patronage, money supply, and tariffs were key issues.
Card 396
What was the result of the Panic of 1893 on railroads?
Many went bankrupt due to overbuilding and overspeculation.
Card 397
How did the 1896 election impact modern politics?
Initiated an era of Republican dominance and modernized campaign strategies.
Card 398
What context is related to womens suffrage?
The organized campaigns leading to the 19th Amendment.
Card 399
What was Rockefeller's donation to the University of Chicago?
Rockefeller donated $34,708,375.28 to the University of Chicago.
Card 400
Who was defeated at the Battle of Little Big Horn in 1876?
Custer was defeated at the Battle of Little Big Horn.
Card 401
What were farmers' alliances?
Farmer alliances were groups teaching scientific methods and aiming for political action.
Card 402
How have historians challenged Turners view of frontier development?
By arguing frontier cities played an early development role.
Card 403
What was the Carlisle School's purpose?
To assimilate American Indian children by teaching them White culture and industrial skills.
Card 404
What were the aims of the Colored Farmers National Alliance?
It sought political reforms to address farmers' economic challenges.
Card 405
How did international communication impact local producers by 1900?
It placed local producers at the mercy of international markets.
Card 406
How did the transatlantic cable impact communications?
It enabled rapid communication across continents.
Card 407
What was Adam Smith's view on government regulation?
Smith advocated for the 'invisible hand' over extensive regulations.
Card 408
Why did many workers leave industrial jobs according to the study material?
Due to intolerable conditions and lack of fulfillment.
Card 409
Who was Samuel Gompers?
Leader of the AFL; advocated for labor rights and collective bargaining.
Card 410
How did U.S. population growth occur in the late 19th century?
From 23.2 million in 1850 to 76.2 million in 1900, due to 16.2 million immigrants.
Card 411
What was the opposition to Roman Catholics during this period?
The American Protective Association opposed them due to prejudice.
Card 412
How did the Gospel of Wealth justify capitalism?
It claimed unregulated capitalism was beneficial but supported philanthropic duties.
Card 413
What term described philanthropists' role in funding education?
The term 'philanthropy' described their role.
Card 414
What was Carry A. Nation known for?
Raiding saloons and destroying alcohol to promote temperance.
Card 415
What kind of subsidies did railroads receive from the government?
Loans and land grants in a checkerboard pattern.
Card 416
How did the Populist Party influence politics?
The Populists addressed economic issues, pushing major parties to respond.
Card 417
What was the significance of J. Pierpont Morgan's loan to the U.S.?
It was a $65 million loan to stabilize the gold reserve and dollar.
Card 418
What did the 1896 election signify for urban dominance?
It marked victory for urban values over rural ideals.
Card 419
What specific was related to the conservation movement?
The establishment of national parks and protected areas.
Card 420
What did Rockefeller donate to Yale University?
He donated $1,001,000.00 to Yale University.
Card 421
What significant company did John D. Rockefeller found in 1870?
Standard Oil was founded by John D. Rockefeller.
Card 422
What was the Ocala Platform?
The Ocala Platform called for reforms against Wall Street and business influence.
Card 423
What role did urban markets play in cattle ranching?
They linked the cattle frontier to eastern markets like Chicago.
Card 424
What change did the 1924 citizenship grant bring?
American Indians were granted U.S. citizenship regardless of Dawes Act compliance.
Card 425
What did the Supreme Court rule in Plessy v. Ferguson?
It upheld 'separate but equal' accommodations, legalizing segregation.
Card 426
What marketing innovation influenced consumer habits in the late 1800s?
Mail-order catalogs like Sears, Roebuck & Co.'s expanded rural access to goods.
Card 427
How was Social Darwinism applied to economics?
It supported the idea that economic success was for the 'fittest.'
Card 428
What was the role of 'strikebreakers' in labor conflicts?
To replace striking workers.
Card 429
What economic theory is discussed in Gompers' letter to Grosscup?
The criticism of individual efforts and support for reliance on unions.
Card 430
What sparked Asian immigration to California in 1848?
The discovery of gold in California.
Card 431
How did the Statue of Liberty symbolize immigration in the Gilded Age?
It represented hope for immigrants despite restrictive laws.
Card 432
What was the status of married women working outside the home in 1900?
Only 5% of married women worked outside the home by 1900.
Card 433
Which social scientist advocated for racial equality and higher education for African Americans?
W.E.B. Du Bois advocated for racial equality and education.
Card 434
Who was Theodore Roosevelt in the context of urban reforms?
Efforts to reform the New York City Police Department.
Card 435
What happened to currency circulation from 1865 to 1895?
Currency circulation increased as population grew over time.
Card 436
Why were federal troops used during the Pullman Strike?
To end the 1894 Pullman Strike affecting railways.
Card 437
What role did McKinley play as the first modern president?
He expanded U.S. international influence during his presidency.
Card 438
What role did technology play in cities during this period?
It led to urban infrastructure like public transit and lighting systems.
Card 439
How much did Rockefeller give to the Y.M.C.A. International Committee?
Rockefeller gave $2,295,580.73 to the Y.M.C.A. International Committee.
Card 440
What was Congress's immigration act in 1882?
Congress banned Chinese immigration.
Card 441
How did technological advancements impact farming?
Farmers adopted machines like threshers and steam engines, further commercializing farming.
Card 442
What concern did Turner have about the closing of the frontier?
He worried the U.S. would face class division without a frontier.
Card 443
What role did Yosemite play in conservation?
Established as a state park in 1864 and a national park in 1890, it helped inspire conservation efforts.
Card 444
What were Jim Crow laws?
Laws enforcing racial segregation in public facilities throughout the South.
Card 445
How did the invention of the electric streetcar change urban life?
They facilitated urban growth by connecting distant residential areas.
Card 446
Who was William Graham Sumner and what did he argue?
He applied Social Darwinism to sociology, opposing aid to the poor.
Card 447
What did employers use blacklists for?
To blacklist pro-union workers from employment.
Card 448
What was the context of Gompers' 1894 letter?
Criticism of laissez-faire economics and support for worker organization.
Card 449
What defined new immigrant communities in cities?
They maintained language, culture, and social structures in crowded cities.
Card 450
Who advocated for government intervention to resolve housing issues?
Workers in the settlement house movement supported change.
Card 451
What was the effect of feminized professions on status and wages?
Such professions lost status and were paid less over time.
Card 452
What influenced changes in the professions in the late 19th century?
Scientific theory and methodology influenced professional changes.
Card 453
How did literature and the arts respond to industrialization?
By expressing realism and an authentic American style.
Card 454
What was the U.S. v. E. C. Knight Co. ruling about?
Ruled that the Sherman Act applied only to commerce, not manufacturing.
Card 455
What was Thomas Watson known for in the Populist movement?
Appealed to both Black and White poor farmers in Georgia.
Card 456
What were the key differences between political parties during the Gilded Age?
Republicans favored high tariffs, Democrats favored lower, and parties were divided on currency.
Card 457
What marked a shift in US economic values between 1865 and 1898?
The rise of industrial capitalism replaced older economic values.
Card 458
What was the main difference in Western settlement patterns post-1865?
Post-1865 settlement was driven by industrialization and railroad building.
Card 459
Why did many homesteaders' farms fail by 1900?
Severe weather and economic issues caused two-thirds of farms to fail.
Card 460
What was the main pattern of migration in the 1890s?
From rural areas to cities for industrial opportunities.
Card 461
What was the purpose of Arbor Day?
Dedicated to planting trees, reflecting growing environmental awareness.
Card 462
How did voter disenfranchisement occur in the South?
Through literacy tests, poll taxes, and grandfather clauses.
Card 463
What role did railroads play in America's economic growth?
They created a national market and supported mass production and consumption.
Card 464
What justification did some Americans use for industrial wealth?
The Protestant Work Ethic was used as a religious justification.
Card 465
What was a common contract stipulation used against unions?
Yellow-dog contract preventing union membership.
Card 466
How did management generally hold power in labor disputes by 1900?
By siding with employers and using legal measures like injunctions.
Card 467
What was the effect of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882?
It stopped Chinese immigration to the U.S.
Card 468
What was Jane Addams contribution to immigrant communities?
She founded Hull House to provide social services to immigrants.
Card 469
How did public education evolve by 1900?
The literacy rate rose to 90%, and high schools became more comprehensive.
Card 470
How did John Philip Sousa contribute to the music scene?
Sousa's marches were popular in bandstands across cities.
Card 471
Who were Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony?
Founders of the National American Woman Suffrage Association.
Card 472
Who benefitted from the Specie Resumption Act?
It benefitted creditors by withdrawing greenbacks from circulation.
Card 473
How did the Populist Party view trusts and bankers?
They opposed economic power concentration in the hands of a few.
Card 474
Who were key groups supporting the Republican Party during the Gilded Age?
Union army veterans, reformers, African Americans, Anglo-Saxon Protestants.
Card 475
What does the AP exam test regarding contextualization?
It tests the ability to place events within broader historical contexts.
Card 476
What was the significance of the Homestead Act of 1862?
The Act encouraged settlement of the Great Plains with the promise of land.
Card 477
How did early policies affect Western American Indian lands?
Lands west of the Mississippi were reserved for American Indians.
Card 478
What was Chief Red Cloud's speech about?
Red Cloud spoke against U.S. policies that reduced Native lands and deceived tribal leaders.
Card 479
What economic discrimination did African Americans face in the South?
They were often excluded from skilled trades and better-paying jobs.
Card 480
What innovation did railroads bring to the organization of time?
Railroads standardized time by dividing the U.S. into four time zones.
Card 481
What government forces did employers rely on during labor conflicts?
Private guards and state militia.
Card 482
What was one tactic used by employers to defeat labor unions?
Using lockouts, private guards, and strikebreakers.
Card 483
What economic opportunities attracted immigrants to the U.S.?
Prosperity during economic booms and industrial jobs in cities.
Card 484
Why is the term 'melting pot' used in the context of U.S. immigration?
It suggests immigrants blend to form one unified culture.
Card 485
What was the 'City Beautiful' movement's goal?
To enhance urban aesthetics with parks and cultural spaces.
Card 486
What was the significance of the book 'Looking Backward, 20001887'?
It imagined a future cooperative society eliminating poverty and greed.
Card 487
Why did Cleveland's actions during the Panic of 1893 anger workers?
His adoption of banker-friendly policies was seen as favoring the wealthy.
Card 488
Who were key groups supporting the Democratic Party during the Gilded Age?
Former Confederate states, immigrants, Catholics, Lutherans, and Jews.
Card 489
How do good introductions function in historical essays?
They serve as a blueprint and provide historical context.