Development and Learning
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Development and Learning
Study 125 flashcards by ADMIN_. Use the interactive review above or scan this static preview for quick reference.
This flashcard set focuses on key concepts in developmental psychology and learning theories. Learners will explore topics such as nature versus nurture, stages of development, and the impact of different study methodologies like cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Additionally, the set covers essential terms related to cognitive and emotional development, language acquisition, and behaviorism, including reinforcement and conditioning. Through these cards, learners will gain a comprehensive understanding of how individuals grow and change throughout their lives.
Card 1
Nature/Nurture
genes vs environment influence development
Card 2
Continuous development
gradual change over time
Card 3
Discontinuous development
development in distinct stages
Card 4
Stability
traits remain consistent over time
Card 5
Change
traits evolve over time
Card 6
Cross-sectional study
compares different age groups at the same time
Card 7
Cross-sectional advantage
quick and inexpensive
Card 8
Cross-sectional disadvantage
cohort effects (generational differences)
Card 9
Longitudinal study
follows the same people over time
Card 10
Longitudinal advantage
eliminates cohort differences, detailed data
Card 11
Longitudinal disadvantage
expensive, time-consuming, high dropout rates
Card 12
Teratogens
harmful external agents affecting prenatal development
Card 13
Prenatal influences
illness, mutations, hormones, environment affect development
Card 14
Maturation
natural biological growth independent of experience
Card 15
Gross motor skills
large muscle movements (walking)
Card 16
Fine motor skills
small precise movements (writing)
Card 17
Reflexes
innate automatic responses that fade over time
Card 18
Rooting reflex
turning head toward touch for feeding
Card 19
Moro reflex
startle response
Card 20
Babinski reflex
toes spread when foot is touched
Card 21
Schema
mental framework organizing information
Card 22
Assimilation
adding new info into existing schema
Card 23
Accommodation
modifying schema to fit new info
Card 24
Sensorimotor stage
birth–2 yrs, learning through senses/actions
Card 25
Object permanence
understanding objects still exist when unseen
Card 26
Preoperational stage
2–7 yrs, symbolic thinking, lack logic
Card 27
Egocentrism
inability to see others’ perspectives
Card 28
Animism
belief that objects have feelings
Card 29
Conservation
understanding quantity stays same despite changes
Card 30
Reversibility
ability to reverse operations mentally
Card 31
Theory of mind
understanding others have different thoughts
Card 32
Concrete operational stage
7–11 yrs, logical thinking about concrete events
Card 33
Formal operational stage
11–15 yrs, abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking
Card 34
Zone of proximal development
gap between independent ability and supported ability
Card 35
Scaffolding
guidance to help learning
Card 36
Crystallized intelligence
knowledge from experience, increases with age
Card 37
Fluid intelligence
problem-solving and abstract thinking, decreases with age
Card 38
Dementia
decline in cognitive functioning (e.g., Alzheimer’s)
Card 39
Language
system of symbols used for communication
Card 40
Phoneme
smallest unit of sound
Card 41
Morpheme
smallest unit of meaning
Card 42
Grammar
rules of language
Card 43
Semantics
meaning of words
Card 44
Syntax
rules for combining words
Card 45
Cooing stage
vowel sounds
Card 46
Babbling stage
consonant sounds
Card 47
One-word stage
single-word communication
Card 48
Telegraphic speech
two-word phrases
Card 49
Overgeneralization
applying grammar rules too broadly
Card 50
Temperament
emotional reactivity patterns in infants
Card 51
Attachment
emotional bond with caregiver
Card 52
Strange situation
test measuring attachment style
Card 53
Secure attachment
upset when separated, comforted when reunited
Card 54
Avoidant insecure
avoids caregiver, little distress
Card 55
Anxious insecure
clingy, distressed, jealous
Card 56
Disorganized insecure
confused, fearful behavior
Card 57
Separation anxiety
fear when separated from caregiver
Card 58
Authoritarian parenting
strict, low warmth
Card 59
Permissive parenting
lenient, few rules
Card 60
Authoritative parenting
balanced, best outcomes
Card 61
Parallel play
play side-by-side without interaction
Card 62
Pretend play
imaginative role play
Card 63
Imaginary audience
belief others are constantly watching
Card 64
Personal fable
belief of uniqueness/invincibility
Card 65
Social clock
cultural expectations of life events
Card 66
Gender roles
cultural expectations for behavior
Card 67
Trust vs mistrust
infancy, trust develops if needs met
Card 68
Autonomy vs shame
toddler independence
Card 69
Initiative vs guilt
early childhood planning/actions
Card 70
Industry vs inferiority
competence in school/tasks
Card 71
Identity vs role confusion
adolescence identity formation
Card 72
Intimacy vs isolation
forming relationships
Card 73
Generativity vs stagnation
contributing to society
Card 74
Integrity vs despair
reflection on life
Card 75
Diffusion
no identity or exploration
Card 76
Foreclosure
commitment without exploration
Card 77
Moratorium
exploration without commitment
Card 78
Identity achievement
commitment after exploration
Card 79
Microsystem
immediate environment
Card 80
Mesosystem
interactions between microsystems
Card 81
Exosystem
indirect environment influences
Card 82
Macrosystem
cultural values
Card 83
Chronosystem
time-based changes
Card 84
Behaviorism
learning through experience, observable behavior
Card 85
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
naturally causes response
Card 86
Unconditioned response (UR)
automatic response
Card 87
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
learned trigger
Card 88
Conditioned response (CR)
learned response
Card 89
Contiguity
timing of pairing (CS before US)
Card 90
Acquisition
learning phase
Card 91
Extinction
response fades
Card 92
Spontaneous recovery
response reappears
Card 93
Generalization
response to similar stimuli
Card 94
Discrimination
response to specific stimulus
Card 95
Higher-order conditioning
CS becomes new US
Card 96
Conditioned taste aversion
rapid learning from illness
Card 97
Biological preparedness
innate ability to learn certain associations
Card 98
Habituation
reduced response to repeated stimulus
Card 99
Emotional conditioning
emotional responses learned
Card 100
Law of effect
behavior strengthened by positive outcomes
Card 101
Positive reinforcement
add good stimulus to increase behavior
Card 102
Negative reinforcement
remove bad stimulus to increase behavior
Card 103
Primary reinforcer
basic needs (food)
Card 104
Secondary reinforcer
learned rewards (money)
Card 105
Token economy
exchangeable rewards
Card 106
Positive punishment
add unpleasant stimulus
Card 107
Negative punishment
remove pleasant stimulus
Card 108
Generalization
similar behaviors reinforced
Card 109
Discrimination
specific behavior reinforced
Card 110
Shaping
reinforcing successive approximations
Card 111
Continuous reinforcement
reward every time
Card 112
Partial reinforcement
intermittent reward
Card 113
Fixed ratio
reward after set number of responses
Card 114
Fixed interval
reward after set time
Card 115
Variable ratio
reward after random responses
Card 116
Variable interval
reward after random time
Card 117
Learned helplessness
belief no control over outcomes
Card 118
Instinctive drift
reverting to instinctual behavior
Card 119
Superstitious behavior
false association with reinforcement
Card 120
Observational learning
learning by watching
Card 121
Modeling
imitating behavior
Card 122
Vicarious conditioning
learning through others’ consequences
Card 123
Latent learning
learning without reinforcement
Card 124
Cognitive map
mental representation
Card 125
Insight learning
sudden realization