APUSH Unit 7
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APUSH Unit 7
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Card 1
What major transitions did America undergo between 1890 and 1945?
Americans transitioned from horses to automobiles and airplanes, fought in two world wars, and emerged as a world leader.
Card 2
Who was Alfred Thayer Mahan?
He was a U.S. Navy Captain who influenced naval strategy with his book.
Card 3
What did the newspaper headlines in 1898 contribute to?
The declaration of war against Spain by the U.S. Congress.
Card 4
What is Scientific Management?
A system for organizing factory workers efficiently developed by Frederick W. Taylor.
Card 5
What divided reformers regarding alcohol?
Reformers were divided over whether to shut down saloons and prohibit alcohol.
Card 6
What was the Socialist Party's main advocacy focus in the early 1900s?
The Socialist Party focused on public ownership of railroads, utilities, and major industries.
Card 7
What did Catt argue about women's suffrage?
Catt argued that voting would empower women to better care for their families in an industrial society.
Card 8
Why did Great Britain declare a naval blockade against Germany?
Great Britain declared a blockade to prevent supplies from reaching Germany.
Card 9
What event led Wilson to break off diplomatic relations with Germany?
Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare.
Card 10
What was Wilson's challenge with the Treaty of Versailles in 1919?
Wilson needed Republican votes in the Senate but faced opposition from Senator Henry Cabot Lodge.
Card 11
What did the Barred Zone Act of 1917 prohibit?
It prohibited anyone residing from the Middle East to Southeast Asia from entering the U.S.
Card 12
What were Confederate monuments built to honor?
They honored Jefferson Davis and top Confederate generals.
Card 13
What impact did new technologies like chemical fertilizers and gasoline tractors have on farmers in the 1920s?
They increased production but caused financial problems due to surpluses and falling prices.
Card 14
Who was Billy Sunday and what did he preach against?
Billy Sunday was a radio evangelist who preached against drinking, gambling, and dancing.
Card 15
What did the voting patterns in the 1920 election show about women voters?
Women did not vote as a bloc; they shared party preferences with husbands or fathers.
Card 16
Who was La Follette and how many votes did he receive?
La Follette was a politician who received nearly 5 million votes from farmers and laborers.
Card 17
What was a source of conflict in American society during Prohibition in the 1920s?
Prohibition led to social conflict and the rise of organized crime.
Card 18
What economic impact did massive loan defaults have globally?
It caused banks on both sides of the Atlantic to scramble as depositors withdrew funds.
Card 19
Who was Franklin Roosevelt's cousin he admired?
Theodore Roosevelt.
Card 20
What was the purpose of the Works Progress Administration (WPA)?
The WPA provided jobs for millions by funding public works projects.
Card 21
What was the purpose of the proposed 'Court-packing' bill?
It aimed to allow the president to appoint additional justices to the Supreme Court for each current justice over 70 years old.
Card 22
Who was Mary McLeod Bethune?
Mary McLeod Bethune was a leader for improving education and opportunities for women, directed a division of the National Youth Administration.
Card 23
What was the agreement of the Four-Power Treaty?
The United States, France, Great Britain, and Japan agreed to respect each others territory in the Pacific.
Card 24
What did the Tydings-McDuffie Act provide for?
Independence of the Philippines by 1946 and removal of U.S. military presence.
Card 25
What was the 'cash and carry' policy?
A policy allowing belligerents to buy U.S. arms with cash and their own ships.
Card 26
What event caused Germany and Italy to declare war on the US?
Germany and Italy declared war on the US after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.
Card 27
How did the U.S. population adjust to wartime circumstances?
Every group adjusted to unique wartime circumstances, such as moving for industrial jobs.
Card 28
What was the Battle of the Atlantic?
The protracted naval war to control shipping lanes.
Card 29
What did Japan announce before preparing to surrender?
It would stop fighting and prepare to formally surrender.
Card 30
What does 'We' refer to in Vandenberg's speech?
It refers to the combined efforts of the United Nations, not just America.
Card 31
What was the focus of the campaign for preparedness according to Oswald Garrison Villard?
The focus was on measuring U.S. influence by military strength rather than moral power.
Card 32
How did the U.S. economy change during Period 7?
The U.S. economy shifted from a rural, agricultural one to an urban, industrial one, with large corporations and economic cycles.
Card 33
What was the main argument in Mahan's book?
A strong navy was crucial for securing markets and achieving world power.
Card 34
Who might most strongly support the sentiments in the 1898 headlines?
Expansionists interested in overseas markets.
Card 35
Who developed the scientific management system?
Frederick W. Taylor.
Card 36
Who was a notable leader among prohibitionists?
Carrie Nation was a notable leader with a famous hatchet-wielding campaign.
Card 37
Who was Eugene V. Debs and what was his role in the Socialist Party?
Eugene V. Debs was a former railway union leader and a key figure in the Socialist Party.
Card 38
What strategy change did Catt make for NAWSA?
Catt shifted from focusing on state-level suffrage to seeking a constitutional amendment.
Card 39
How did Germany respond to Britain's naval blockade in 1915?
Germany announced its own blockade and warned that ships in the 'war zone' risked being sunk by submarines.
Card 40
What was the Zimmermann Telegram?
A proposal from Germany to Mexico to join the war against the U.S. in exchange for territory.
Card 41
Who were the 'Irreconcilables' and what was their stance?
The 'Irreconcilables' were Senators who completely opposed U.S. membership in the League of Nations.
Card 42
What was the purpose of the literacy test in the Immigration Act of 1917?
To prevent immigration from southern and eastern Europe.
Card 43
Why did African American reformers criticize Confederate monuments?
They believed the monuments glorified the 'Lost Cause' and defended White supremacy.
Card 44
Why did union membership decline during the 1920s despite rising wages?
Most companies insisted on an 'open shop' and practiced welfare capitalism to reduce union interest.
Card 45
What was Aimee Semple McPherson known for condemning?
Aimee Semple McPherson was known for condemning communism and jazz music.
Card 46
How did domestic roles for middle-class women change in the 1920s?
Household labor-saving devices eased but didnt substantially change homemakers' routines.
Card 47
What was Calvin Coolidge's belief regarding government?
Coolidge believed in limited government, allowing business self-regulation.
Card 48
How did immigrant legislation in the 1920s differ from 1865 to 1914?
1920s laws imposed stricter quotas compared to the more open policies before 1914.
Card 49
What actions did Hoover take in 1931 for economic recovery?
He supported and signed into law programs to assist indebted farmers and struggling businesses.
Card 50
What political position did Franklin Roosevelt hold in 1920?
Democratic nominee for vice president.
Card 51
Who was Rexford Tugwell?
Rexford Tugwell was part of Roosevelt's Brain Trust, directing the Resettlement Administration.
Card 52
Why did critics oppose the 'Court-packing' bill?
They saw it as an attempt to upset the system of checks and balances and accused Roosevelt of seeking dictatorial powers.
Card 53
What was the Federal Council on Negro Affairs?
The Federal Council on Negro Affairs aimed to increase African American involvement in the New Deal.
Card 54
What did the Nine-Power Treaty guarantee?
It guaranteed the territorial integrity of China and adhered to the Open Door policy.
Card 55
Who led Italy's Fascist Party?
Benito Mussolini.
Card 56
What did the Selective Service Act of 1940 require?
Registration of men aged 21-35 and training of 1.2 million troops.
Card 57
Who were the principal Allies fighting Nazi Germany from 1942 to 1945?
Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union.
Card 58
What caused millions to leave rural areas during the war?
The increase in factory jobs caused a mass migration from rural areas to industrial centers.
Card 59
How did the Allies counter German submarines in 1942?
Through radar, sonar, and bombing of German naval bases.
Card 60
What uncertainty existed during the war in Europe?
The defeat of the Nazis was still uncertain.
Card 61
What did President Roosevelt say about post-victory conditions?
He noted the differences becoming apparent among the victors.
Card 62
How did Oswald Garrison Villard describe the shift in American values regarding the military?
He noted a shift from distrust to acceptance of military dominance over civil authority.
Card 63
What significant reforms occurred during the Progressives and New Deal periods?
Reforms included the creation of the Federal Reserve, direct election of Senators, women's suffrage, and New Deal policies.
Card 64
Why did U.S. naval strategists persuade Congress to finance ships?
To build modern ships and acquire islands for global naval power projection.
Card 65
What concept does the 1898 newspaper's point of view reflect?
The concept of jingoism.
Card 66
Why did Progressives favor placing government in experts' hands?
They believed it would make government more efficient and reduce corruption.
Card 67
What role did saloons play for political machines?
Saloons often served as neighborhood headquarters for political machines.
Card 68
What ideas championed by Debs were eventually accepted?
Ideas such as public ownership of utilities, worker's compensation, and minimum wage laws.
Card 69
Who led the National Woman's Party?
Alice Paul led the National Woman's Party.
Card 70
What was the Lusitania Crisis?
It was a crisis where German torpedoes sank the British passenger liner Lusitania, killing 128 Americans.
Card 71
How did the Russian Revolution affect U.S. participation in World War I?
It removed the barrier of an autocratic Russia, aligning the Allies with democratic ideals.
Card 72
What reservation did the 'Reservationist' faction have about the League?
The 'Reservationists' wanted certain reservations or amendments to the League covenant.
Card 73
What did the Espionage Act of 1917 enforce?
Imprisonment of up to 20 years for inciting rebellion or obstructing the draft.
Card 74
What drained the last of the Progressive idealism after WWI?
The sacrifices and casualties of America during World War I.
Card 75
How did companies in the South resist unionization efforts during the 1920s?
They used police, state militia, and local mobs to violently resist unionization.
Card 76
What trial in Tennessee symbolized the debate between fundamentalists and modernists?
The Scopes trial in Tennessee symbolized the debate between fundamentalists and modernists.
Card 77
What remained the same for women in the workforce after World War I?
Women's participation stayed the same, limited to lower-paying jobs like clerks and nurses.
Card 78
Why did Coolidge veto the McNary-Haugen Bill?
Coolidge vetoed it to prevent government intervention as crop prices fell.
Card 79
What were the causes of the Great Depression?
Causes included stock market crash, credit misuse, and global economic issues.
Card 80
What was the purpose of the Federal Farm Board?
To help farmers stabilize prices by holding surplus grain and cotton in storage.
Card 81
What illness paralyzed Franklin Roosevelt in 1921?
Polio.
Card 82
What was the Wagner Act of 1935?
The Wagner Act guaranteed union rights and established the NLRB to enforce them.
Card 83
What was the outcome of Roosevelt's 'Court-packing' proposal?
Congress decisively defeated it, including opposition from many Democratic senators.
Card 84
How was the Fair Employment Practices Committee created?
The Fair Employment Practices Committee was created by an executive order in 1941.
Card 85
Who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 for peace efforts?
Jane Addams.
Card 86
What event brought full-scale war between Japan and China in 1937?
Japan's invasion of China on July 7, 1937.
Card 87
What was the Destroyers-for-Bases Deal?
A deal where the U.S. gave Britain destroyers in exchange for Caribbean base rights.
Card 88
What shift occurred when Hitler invaded the Soviet Union?
The main battlefront shifted from the west to the east.
Card 89
Why were new defense installations located in the South?
Warm climate and low labor costs made the South ideal for new defense facilities.
Card 90
When did Operation Torch begin and who led it?
November 1942; led by Eisenhower and Montgomery.
Card 91
What strategy contributed to U.S. victory in WWII?
The use of coordinated military strategies like 'unconditional surrender.'
Card 92
What impact did Pearl Harbor have according to Vandenberg?
It highlighted the need for international cooperation for safety.
Card 93
What year did President Woodrow Wilson deliver his War Message to Congress?
President Wilson delivered his War Message on April 2, 1917.
Card 94
What was the impact of the Great Depression on U.S. economic policies?
The Great Depression led to a welfare state, with laws regulating banks, a minimum wage, and protection of workers and unions.
Card 95
Which islands were acquired for coaling and supply stations?
Samoa and other Pacific islands were acquired for these purposes.
Card 96
How did Theodore Roosevelt view non-Western civilizations?
As a major threat to civilization that needed to be kept in line.
Card 97
What role did muckrakers play in the Progressive era?
They exposed corruption and educated the public on political and economic issues.
Card 98
Who were key leaders of the social justice movement?
Jane Addams and Florence Kelley were key leaders.
Card 99
What was the result of the Election of 1912 in terms of presidential candidates?
Woodrow Wilson won, with the Republicans split between Taft and Roosevelt.
Card 100
What was the focus of Alice Paul's efforts?
Alice Paul focused on gaining support for a constitutional amendment for women's suffrage.
Card 101
What was the Sussex pledge?
The Sussex pledge was Germany's promise not to sink merchant or passenger ships without warning after the Sussex was attacked.
Card 102
What action by Germany in March 1917 influenced Wilson's decision for war?
The sinking of five unarmed U.S. merchant ships.
Card 103
What happened to Wilson during his Western tour in 1919?
Wilson collapsed after a speech in Colorado and later suffered a massive stroke.
Card 104
How did the Sedition Act of 1918 go further than the Espionage Act?
It prohibited disloyal or abusive remarks about the U.S. government.
Card 105
What did people want after WWI according to the text?
A return to normalcy and a less complicated period.
Card 106
What changes did the 1920 Census reveal about the American population?
For the first time, more than half of the population lived in urban areas.
Card 107
Who defended John Scopes in the trial of 1925?
Clarence Darrow defended John Scopes in the 1925 trial.
Card 108
What influenced the revolt against sexual taboos in the 1920s?
The revolt was influenced by Sigmund Freud's ideas and modern culture like radio and jazz.
Card 109
Who were the presidential candidates in the 1928 election?
Herbert Hoover and Alfred E. Smith were the candidates.
Card 110
What triggered the stock market crash in October 1929?
Stock market speculation and a sudden loss of confidence initiated the crash.
Card 111
Why was the Reconstruction Finance Corporation created in 1932?
To prop up railroads, banks, life insurance companies, and other financial institutions.
Card 112
How did Franklin Roosevelt continue his career despite his disability?
He labored to resume his political career, using crutches, braces, and a wheelchair.
Card 113
How did the Resettlement Administration assist farmers?
It provided loans to farmers and established camps for migrant housing.
Card 114
What change occurred in the Supreme Court in 1937 regarding New Deal laws?
The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of major New Deal laws such as the Wagner Act and Social Security Act.
Card 115
What role did A. Philip Randolph play in 1941?
A. Philip Randolph threatened a march on Washington for equal job opportunities for African Americans.
Card 116
What was the main goal of the Kellogg-Briand Pact?
To outlaw the aggressive use of force to achieve national ends.
Card 117
What were the Neutrality Acts designed to ensure?
U.S. policy of neutrality if war broke out in Europe.
Card 118
Who ran against Roosevelt in the 1940 presidential election?
Wendell Willkie, a lawyer and utility executive.
Card 119
What was the primary focus of the Allied leaders from 1942 to 1945?
Concentrating on the European war against the Nazis.
Card 120
How many African Americans left the South during the war?
Over 1.5 million African Americans left the South for jobs in the North and West.
Card 121
What was the result of the Allied campaign in North Africa?
Allied forces succeeded in taking North Africa by May 1943.
Card 122
How did Allied cooperation help win WWII?
The cooperation between unlikely allies such as the U.S., Soviet Union, and others.
Card 123
Which historical development encouraged U.S. involvement in the UN?
The failure of isolationism during WWII encouraged involvement.
Card 124
What were President Wilsons reasons for the United States entering World War I according to his message?
To ensure global peace, protect democratic rights, and secure freedom for all nations.
Card 125
How did immigration influence U.S. society in the early 20th century?
Immigration led to debates over national identity and federal restrictions based on ethnicity or national origin.
Card 126
What positions did Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge hold regarding naval power?
They were proponents of expanding U.S. naval power and influence.
Card 127
What was a major difference in Bailey's and Herring's views of Roosevelt's foreign policy?
Bailey viewed Roosevelt as a peacemaker; Herring saw him as an enforcer of Western civilization.
Card 128
Who was one of the earliest muckrakers?
Henry Demarest Lloyd.
Card 129
How did reformers address child labor?
The National Child Labor Committee proposed model state laws.
Card 130
What was Theodore Roosevelt's plan called, and what did it include?
Roosevelt's plan was called New Nationalism, focusing on regulation, social welfare, and suffrage.
Card 131
What did the 19th Amendment achieve?
The 19th Amendment guaranteed women the right to vote in all U.S. elections.
Card 132
How did the U.S. economy become tied to the Allies during WWI?
The U.S. economy rebounded due to orders for war supplies from Britain and France.
Card 133
What was Wilson's message to Congress on April 2, 1917?
He asked Congress to declare war, condemning Germany's submarine policy.
Card 134
What was the Senate's final decision on the Treaty of Versailles?
The Senate defeated the treaty both with and without reservations, never ratifying it.
Card 135
Who was Eugene Debs and what happened to him under the Sedition Act?
He was a Socialist leader sentenced to 10 years for speaking against the war.
Card 136
What were some features of 1920s prosperity?
Prosperity, automobiles, radio, jazz, and movie heroes.
Card 137
What influences shaped the field of industrial design in the 1920s?
Industrial design was influenced by Art Deco and streamlining styles.
Card 138
What was the outcome of the Scopes trial?
Scopes was convicted, but the conviction was later overturned. Evolution teaching bans remained.
Card 139
Who was a prominent advocate for birth control in the 1920s?
Margaret Sanger was an advocate for birth control.
Card 140
What factors helped Herbert Hoover win the 1928 election?
Hoover won by promising prosperity and gaining southern electoral votes.
Card 141
What happened on Black Thursday, October 24, 1929?
Unprecedented selling volume caused stock prices to plunge.
Card 142
How did Democrats view the Reconstruction Finance Corporation?
They scoffed at it, saying it would help only the rich.
Card 143
What was one key strength of Franklin Roosevelt as a leader?
His gifts as a speaker and his ability to inspire people.
Card 144
What did the Rural Electrification Administration provide?
It provided loans for electrical cooperatives in rural areas.
Card 145
What lasting change did the National Industrial Recovery Act and the Wagner Act cause?
They legalized labor unions, leading to an increase in union membership.
Card 146
Who was John Collier?
John Collier was the commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and an advocate for American Indian rights.
Card 147
Why was the Kellogg-Briand Pact ineffective?
It allowed defensive wars and lacked enforcement mechanisms.
Card 148
What was the global impact of the worldwide depression in the 1930s?
Rise of dictatorships in Italy, Japan, and Germany.
Card 149
What concept did Roosevelt emphasize in his 'arsenal of democracy' speech?
Germanys conquest of Europe as a threat to U.S. security and democracy.
Card 150
What sentiment developed in the US after World War I?
Isolationist sentiment.
Card 151
What discrimination did African Americans face during WWII?
African Americans faced continued discrimination and segregation at home and in the military.
Card 152
What significant event occurred in Sicily in 1943?
Allies occupied Sicily, prompting Mussolini's fall from power.
Card 153
What was one reason WWII was fought?
To preserve democracy and human rights against criminal regimes.
Card 154
What was the effect of the atomic bomb on international relations?
It heightened awareness of the global power dynamics.
Card 155
What criticism did Senator George W. Norris express about entering World War I?
He criticized the war as a mandate driven by wealth, sacrificing lives for economic interests.
Card 156
What was the role of popular culture in cultural conflicts during Period 7?
Popular culture led to value conflicts over morals, education, religion, and science, with debates on topics like evolution in schools.
Card 157
Why did the Panic of 1893 cause social fears?
It stirred fear of social turmoil due to labor conflicts and lack of a frontier.
Card 158
What event could support Bailey's interpretation of Roosevelt's foreign policy?
Roosevelt's mediation of the Russo-Japanese War.
Card 159
What was McClure's Magazine known for?
Publishing muckraking articles that combined research with sensationalism.
Card 160
What was the impact of the Triangle Shirtwaist fire?
It sparked activism and led to improved safety laws.
Card 161
What did Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom plan aim to achieve?
Wilson's plan aimed to limit big business/government and end corruption to revive competition.
Card 162
What organization did Catt form after suffrage victory?
Catt formed the League of Women Voters to keep voters informed about candidates and issues.
Card 163
Why was U.S. trade with Germany limited during WWI?
The British naval blockade prevented U.S. trade with Germany.
Card 164
What warfare tactics made World War I particularly deadly?
Trench warfare combined with heavy artillery, machine guns, poison gas, tanks, and airplanes.
Card 165
How did the U.S. end its involvement with Germany after WWI?
After Wilson left office, the U.S. officially made peace with Germany without ratifying the Versailles Treaty.
Card 166
What did Schenck v. United States (1919) uphold?
It upheld the Espionage Act's constitutionality, limiting free speech if it posed danger.
Card 167
What reactionary efforts occurred in the 1920s?
Restricting immigration, denying science, and retreating from international commitments.
Card 168
Which architectural style was prominent in 1920s skyscrapers like the Chrysler Building?
Art Deco, which combined modernist simplicity with machine age materials.
Card 169
What did the 18th Amendment enforce in the 1920s?
The 18th Amendment enforced the prohibition of alcohol manufacture and sale.
Card 170
How did the flapper look reflect changes for women in the 1920s?
The flapper look symbolized women's independence, with short hair and knee-length dresses.
Card 171
What marked the beginning of the Great Depression?
The Great Depression began with the economic downturn in fall 1929.
Card 172
What was the impact of Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929?
A market panic led to a massive sell-off with few buyers.
Card 173
What was the Farm Holiday Association's goal in 1932?
To reverse the drop in prices by stopping the entire 1932 grain crop from reaching the market.
Card 174
What role did Eleanor Roosevelt play during Franklin's presidency?
She served as the president's social conscience and influenced his support for minorities.
Card 175
What was the purpose of the Social Security Act of 1935?
It created a federal insurance program for the elderly and unemployed.
Card 176
Who was John L. Lewis and what was his role?
He was the leader of the CIO and president of the United Mine Workers union.
Card 177
What did the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 do?
The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 returned lands to tribal control and encouraged cultural preservation.
Card 178
How did Republican presidents use diplomacy in Latin America?
They used diplomacy to promote American business interests.
Card 179
Who were the Axis Powers during World War II?
Japan, Italy, and Germany.
Card 180
What were the 'Four Freedoms' Roosevelt spoke about in 1941?
Freedom of speech, religion, from want, and from fear.
Card 181
Which agency was established to manage wartime production in 1942?
The War Production Board (WPB).
Card 182
What was the 'Double V' slogan?
Victory over fascism abroad and equality at home was encouraged by civil rights leaders.
Card 183
Who liberated France and when did it start?
Allied drive began on June 6, 1944, with the D-Day invasion.
Card 184
Who was the U.S. representative to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission in 1946?
Bernard Baruch.
Card 185
How did the U.S. emerge as a powerful nation post-WWII?
Through military strength and economic influence.
Card 186
What economic concern did Senator Norris associate with going to war?
He was concerned that war served the financial interests of Americans supplying munitions.
Card 187
How did debates over imperialism shape U.S. foreign policy?
Debates arose over joining imperial powers or adhering to anti-colonial traditions, affecting America's world role.
Card 188
How did some apply Darwins theories to expansion?
They saw expansion as demonstrating strength and applying 'survival of the fittest.'
Card 189
What event could support Herring's interpretation of Roosevelt's foreign policy?
Roosevelt's intervention in Latin America.
Card 190
How did Jacob Riis contribute to muckraking?
By publishing articles on tenement life, later collected as 'How the Other Half Lives.'
Card 191
How did womens labor protection laws affect job opportunities?
They kept women from higher paying industrial jobs.
Card 192
What significant change did Wilson make regarding the Underwood Tariff?
Wilson lowered tariffs through the Underwood Tariff, introducing a graduated income tax.
Card 193
What issues did Progressive women focus on beyond voting?
Progressive women focused on educational equality, marriage and divorce laws, and reducing discrimination.
Card 194
What role did J. Pierpont Morgan's bank play during WWI?
The bank extended up to $3 billion in credit to Britain and France, aiding their war efforts.
Card 195
What was the significance of the U.S. Navy's convoy system?
It protected merchant ships from German submarines, ensuring supplies reached Britain and France.
Card 196
What role did submarine warfare play in the U.S. entering WWI?
Germany's policy of unrestricted submarine warfare was a key cause for U.S. entry.
Card 197
What was the Selective Service Act of 1917 designed to do?
To conscript men into the military through a democratic local board system.
Card 198
What impact did WWI mobilization have on migration?
It affected both international and internal migration over time.
Card 199
What role did radio play in mass communication during the 1920s?
Radio became a new medium that allowed nationwide broadcasting of news and entertainment.
Card 200
How did people in cities defy Prohibition?
City dwellers defied Prohibition by visiting speakeasies where bootleg liquor was sold.
Card 201
What change in divorce laws occurred by 1930 and why?
Divorce laws were liberalized, leading to a higher divorce rate due to womens suffrage influence.
Card 202
How did Frederick Lewis Allen view the 1920s?
Allen viewed the 1920s as narrow-minded materialism abandoning reforms.
Card 203
How did uneven income distribution contribute to the Great Depression?
Top 5% earned over 33% of income, leading to reduced consumer demand.
Card 204
What triggered the Bonus March of 1932?
World War I veterans demanded the immediate payment of promised bonuses.
Card 205
What were the three R's of the New Deal?
Relief, Recovery, and Reform.
Card 206
Why was the National Youth Administration (NYA) created?
To provide part-time jobs for young people to stay in school.
Card 207
What was significant about the Flint sit-down strike?
It secured recognition for the United Auto Workers union through a sit-down strike at General Motors.
Card 208
How did the New Deal affect Mexican Americans?
The New Deal led to increased deportations and replacement of Mexican American workers by White migrants.
Card 209
What did Mexico's constitution of 1917 mandate?
Government ownership of all mineral and oil resources.
Card 210
What was the cause of the Spanish Civil War?
An ideological struggle between fascism and republicanism.
Card 211
What did the Lend-Lease Act allow?
It allowed Britain to obtain U.S. arms on credit.
Card 212
How did the Office of Price Administration impact American civilians?
It froze prices, wages, and rents, and rationed commodities.
Card 213
What was the significance of Smith v. Allwright (1944)?
It ruled it unconstitutional to deny African Americans membership in political parties.
Card 214
What happened during the Battle of the Bulge?
A German counterattack in Belgium in December 1944.
Card 215
What did Roosevelt change in the 1944 election?
He changed his vice presidential running mate from Henry Wallace to Harry S. Truman.
Card 216
Why did joining the United Nations have bipartisan support post-WWII?
The failure of isolationism made collective security appealing.
Card 217
What alternative form of bravery does Norman Thomas identify during wartime?
He identified non-military acts of heroism as brave contributions to wartime efforts.
Card 218
What was William Jennings Bryan's stance on expansion?
He opposed entering a career of conquest, reflecting anti-imperialist sentiments.
Card 219
What did Josiah Strong believe about Anglo-Saxon Americans?
He believed they were the 'fittest to survive' and had a duty to spread civilization.
Card 220
What perspective did the cartoon artist express about Woodrow Wilson's foreign policy?
A critical view reflecting Wilson's opposition to personal ambition influencing government.
Card 221
What impact did Upton Sinclair's 'The Jungle' have?
It highlighted the poor conditions in the meatpacking industry and influenced regulations.
Card 222
What was the Square Deal policy?
It was Roosevelt's policy favoring neither business nor labor but fairness for both.
Card 223
What was the purpose of the Federal Reserve Act of 1914?
It created 12 district banks to stabilize and provide flexibility to the financial system.
Card 224
Who advocated for birth control education?
Margaret Sanger advocated for birth control education, leading to the Planned Parenthood organization.
Card 225
How did most Americans perceive Germany during WWI?
Most Americans viewed Germany as a bully led by the autocrat Kaiser Wilhelm.
Card 226
Who commanded the American Expeditionary Force during World War I?
General John J. Pershing.
Card 227
What was the purpose of the Zimmermann Telegram?
Germany proposed an alliance with Mexico to attack the U.S., offering the return of lost territories.
Card 228
How were African American troops treated in World War I?
They served in segregated units and faced discrimination, despite hopes for equal rights.
Card 229
What was the purpose of the Espionage and Sedition Acts?
To restrict freedom of speech and suppress dissent during wartime.
Card 230
What significance did the movie industry hold in 1920s American culture?
It became big business, with stars idolized and the introduction of sound pictures in 1927.
Card 231
Who was a notorious gang leader involved in bootlegging during Prohibition?
Al Capone was a notorious gang leader involved in bootlegging during Prohibition.
Card 232
What was the goal of state governments regarding education in the 1920s?
The goal was universal high school education, with graduation rates doubling by the end of the 1920s.
Card 233
What was Arthur Schlesinger Jr.'s view of the 1920s politics?
Schlesinger saw it as a conservative reaction to Progressive Era liberal reforms.
Card 234
What was stock market speculation during the 1920s?
People speculated on stocks for quick profit, leading to financial ruin.
Card 235
What was the result of the Bonus March confrontation?
It resulted in the use of tanks and tear gas by the army and caused negative public perception of Hoover.
Card 236
Who was part of Roosevelt's Brain Trust?
A group of university professors.
Card 237
What was the impact of the Revenue Act of 1935?
It increased taxes on wealthy individuals and large gifts.
Card 238
How did the steel strikes differ from the automobile strikes?
U.S. Steel voluntarily recognized a CIO union, but smaller companies resisted, leading to violence.
Card 239
Why were Mexican Americans deported during the Depression?
Depressions and prejudice against Mexican ancestry led to mass deportations of Mexican Americans.
Card 240
What was the outcome of Dwight Morrow's negotiations in 1927?
It peacefully resolved U.S. investors' fears about property confiscation in Mexico.
Card 241
What was Germany's action regarding the Rhineland in 1936?
Hitler ordered German troops into the Rhineland, defying the Versailles Treaty.
Card 242
What was the purpose of the Atlantic Charter?
It aimed for post-war peace principles like self-determination and free trade.
Card 243
How much did federal spending increase during World War II?
Federal spending increased by 1,000% between 1939 and 1945.
Card 244
What was the bracero program?
A 1942 agreement allowing Mexican farmworkers to work in the U.S. temporarily.
Card 245
When did Hitler commit suicide and why?
April 30, 1945, as Russians closed in on Berlin.
Card 246
What was a major focus of the Yalta Conference agreements?
Division of Germany into occupation zones and free elections in Eastern Europe.
Card 247
How did conditions differ between WWI and WWII for the U.S.?
WWI had controversial involvement; WWII was more unified.
Card 248
What contradiction does Norman Thomas point out in bringing freedom abroad while limiting it at home?
The contradiction of denying freedom at home while promoting it for others internationally.
Card 249
Who was William H. Seward and what were his contributions?
Seward was the Secretary of State who prevented foreign intervention in the Civil War and pushed for U.S. expansion, including Alaska.
Card 250
Why did the popular press increase interest in imperialism?
Stories of distant places increased public interest in a larger U.S. world role.
Card 251
What contributed to the cartoon artist's perspective during Wilson's administration?
U.S. interventions in Latin America like in Mexico influenced this perspective.
Card 252
Why did muckraking decline after 1910?
Stories became harder to sensationalize; publishers faced pressure, and corporations improved their public image.
Card 253
Which trust was Roosevelt primarily concerned with breaking up?
The Northern Securities Company, a railroad trust.
Card 254
What was the role of the Federal Trade Commission under Wilson?
To protect consumers by investigating unfair trade practices, except in banking/transportation.
Card 255
What were the key themes of the Progressive Movement?
Key themes include urban middle class reform, scientific management, and muckrakers.
Card 256
What was the ethnic influence on U.S. opinions during WWI?
Ethnic ties influenced sympathies, with German Americans supporting the Central powers and others backing the Allies.
Card 257
What was the result of the Allied offensive in the Meuse-Argonne region?
It pushed the exhausted German army back towards its border, leading to armistice.
Card 258
How did Americans react to the Zimmermann Telegram?
Most Americans viewed it as a threat and expressed nationalist anger against Germany.
Card 259
What effect did World War I have on women's employment?
Women entered the workforce to replace men drafted into military service.
Card 260
How did Schenck v. United States relate to civil rights during WWI?
It raised concerns about government limits on civil rights.
Card 261
How did jazz music symbolize cultural change in the 1920s?
Jazz, brought by African American musicians, represented the 'new' and 'modern' urban culture.
Card 262
What led to the repeal of Prohibition in 1933?
The Great Depression and public resentment led to the repeal of Prohibition with the 21st Amendment.
Card 263
What was the significance of the Harlem Renaissance?
It was a cultural movement emphasizing achievements of African American artists in Harlem.
Card 264
How did revisionist historians of the 1950s view the 1920s?
They argued the 1920s continued earlier protest movements like Populism.
Card 265
Why did the excessive use of credit contribute to the Great Depression?
Low interest rates encouraged high borrowing, resulting in defaults and bank failures.
Card 266
When did the economic decline of the Great Depression reach its lowest point?
In the winter of 19321933.
Card 267
What was significant about Roosevelt's appointments to high positions?
They were the most diverse in U.S. history, with minorities and women.
Card 268
Who challenged Roosevelt in the election of 1936?
Alfred Landon, the Republican governor of Kansas.
Card 269
What was established by the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938?
It established a minimum wage, maximum workweek, and child labor restrictions.
Card 270
What was the impact of White migrant workers in the 1930s?
High unemployment and drought led to an influx of White migrant workers, replacing Mexican American labor.
Card 271
What impact did the Fordney-McCumber Tariff have?
It increased duties on foreign manufactured goods by 25%, impacting international trade.
Card 272
What caused Roosevelt to test public opinion with the Quarantine Speech?
Japan's invasion of China in 1937.
Card 273
What triggered the U.S. to enter World War II?
The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.
Card 274
What was the effect of World War II on the US depression?
It proved government spending could end the depression.
Card 275
What happened during the 1943 zoot suit riots?
Tensions between White and Mexican Americans in Los Angeles led to violent clashes.
Card 276
What was discovered as U.S. troops advanced through Germany?
The horrifying extent of Nazi genocide in concentration camps.
Card 277
What were the three leaders' goals at the Potsdam Conference?
Demand Japan's unconditional surrender and divide Germany into zones.
Card 278
What was the political difference between Wilson and Roosevelt?
Wilson's unwillingness to compromise vs. Roosevelt's cooperation.
Card 279
What action did Theodore Roosevelt encourage from Americans during World War I?
He encouraged Americans to support the government and oppose both foreign and domestic enemies.
Card 280
Why was the purchase of Alaska initially called 'Seward's Folly'?
Initially seen as having no value, Alaska was derisively called 'Seward's Folly' for being viewed as barren and unimportant.
Card 281
What were the main reasons for opposing imperialism in the U.S.?
Beliefs in self-determination, racial equality, isolationism, and cost concerns.
Card 282
How did Progressive reformers differ from Gilded Age reformers?
Progressives successfully advocated for a larger government role and greater democracy.
Card 283
What was the Australian, or secret, ballot?
A voting method where state-issued ballots are marked in private.
Card 284
How did the Elkins Act affect railroads?
It gave the ICC authority to stop railroads from granting rebates.
Card 285
How did the Clayton Antitrust Act benefit organized labor?
It exempted unions from being prosecuted as trusts, strengthening labor's position.
Card 286
Who are some notable muckrakers?
Notable muckrakers include Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens, and Jacob Riis.
Card 287
How did President Wilson's ancestry influence his views?
Wilson admired the British political system due to his Scottish-English descent.
Card 288
How many U.S. combat deaths occurred in World War I?
Nearly 49,000 combat deaths; total U.S. fatalities 112,432.
Card 289
What was significant about the War Industries Board?
The War Industries Board set production priorities and controlled raw materials and prices.
Card 290
Why did Mexicans migrate to the U.S. during World War I?
Job opportunities and upheavals from a revolution in Mexico.
Card 291
What was a key cause of the 1920s economic boom?
A rise in manufacturing output and new technologies.
Card 292
Who was Charles Lindbergh and why was he celebrated in the 1920s?
He flew nonstop across the Atlantic from Long Island to Paris in 1927, thrilling the world.
Card 293
What did the quota acts of the 1920s aim to restrict?
The quota acts aimed to severely limit immigration, mainly from southern and eastern Europe.
Card 294
Who were some leading Harlem Renaissance poets?
Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, James Weldon Johnson, and Claude McKay.
Card 295
What did William Leuchtenburg say about traditionalists in the 1920s?
He saw traditionalists as threatened by cultural pluralism and modern ideas.
Card 296
How did overproduction of consumer goods lead to economic issues?
Production outpaced demand as wages stagnated, leading to layoffs.
Card 297
What were two causes of the Great Depression?
Overproduction and excessive use of credit.
Card 298
What was the purpose of the Bank Holiday in 1933?
To restore confidence by closing and reorganizing banks.
Card 299
How did the 1936 election affect the Democratic Party coalition?
It cemented a new coalition including workers and minorities for the Democrats.
Card 300
What economic policy did Roosevelt adopt in 1938?
He adopted Keynesian economics, which advocated for deficit spending to stimulate economic growth.
Card 301
What was the purpose of the New Deal, according to David Kennedy?
David Kennedy described the New Deal's purpose as achieving various forms of security, including job and financial security.
Card 302
How did the Dawes Plan intend to help Germany and the Allies?
It created a payment cycle from the U.S. to Germany, then to the Allies, and back to the U.S.
Card 303
Why did British and French leaders agree at the Munich Conference in 1938?
To allow Hitler to take the Sudetenland unopposed.
Card 304
Why did tensions with Japan escalate in 1940-1941?
Japan's expansion into Southeast Asia and alliance with Axis powers.
Card 305
How many planes and tanks did American factories produce by 1944?
Over 300,000 planes and 100,000 tanks.
Card 306
How did the war affect American Indians?
Approximately 25,000 served in the military, and many worked in defense industries.
Card 307
What was significant about the Battle of Midway?
Ended Japanese expansion by destroying carriers and planes.
Card 308
How did WWII affect U.S. international power status?
The U.S. emerged as the most powerful and wealthiest nation.
Card 309
What role did collective security play according to the text?
It was seen as successful in stopping aggression during WWII.
Card 310
Who did Theodore Roosevelt identify as domestic enemies of the U.S. during World War I?
He identified pacifists, anti-allies, and groups like the Socialist Party as domestic enemies.
Card 311
How did the U.S. acquire control of Pearl Harbor?
The U.S. secured exclusive rights to Hawaiian sugar and sought control of Pearl Harbor for its strategic location and economic value.
Card 312
What was the significance of the Monroe Doctrine in Latin America?
It established the U.S. as the protector of Latin America from European ambitions.
Card 313
What were the four constitutional amendments passed during the Progressive era?
A graduated income tax, direct election of senators, women's suffrage, and prohibition.
Card 314
Who introduced the direct primary system?
Robert La Follette, Progressive governor of Wisconsin.
Card 315
What was the cause of the two 1906 regulatory laws?
Upton Sinclair's book 'The Jungle' revealed horrid conditions.
Card 316
What did the Child Labor Act of 1916 prohibit?
It prohibited interstate commerce of products made by children under 14.
Card 317
What reforms addressed working conditions in The Jungle?
Federal regulations were enacted to ensure minimum standards for processed meats and food.
Card 318
What was the impact of British war propaganda in the U.S.?
Britain ensured U.S. media portrayed Germany negatively through stories of German atrocities.
Card 319
What were Wilson's Fourteen Points aimed to address?
To address the causes of World War I and prevent another.
Card 320
Who led the U.S. Food Administration during WWI and what was its goal?
Herbert Hoover led the Food Administration, encouraging food conservation to support troops.
Card 321
What motivated the Great Migration of African Americans?
Racial tensions, economic hardships, and job opportunities in northern cities.
Card 322
How did Henry Ford revolutionize manufacturing?
By using the assembly line for manufacturing automobiles.
Card 323
Which sports figures were popular heroes in the 1920s?
Figures like Jack Dempsey, Gertrude Ederle, Jim Thorpe, Babe Ruth, and Bobby Jones.
Card 324
Who were Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti?
Sacco and Vanzetti were Italian immigrants convicted of robbery and murder, viewed as victims of prejudice.
Card 325
Why is the 1920s referred to as the Jazz Age?
Jazz musicians like Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong made it popular across races.
Card 326
What positive view did some historians have about traditionalists?
They were seen as protecting economic, social interests, and local control.
Card 327
Why was the farm economy weak during the 1920s and 30s?
Farmers faced overproduction, debt, and drought, worsening their economic situation.
Card 328
What were two effects of the Great Depression on the economy?
Business failures and unemployment.
Card 329
What act repealed Prohibition under Roosevelt?
The 21st Amendment.
Card 330
What criticisms did the New Deal face from the Right?
Critics argued it expanded government power excessively.
Card 331
How did the Fair Labor Standards Act impact child labor?
It upheld restrictions on hiring people under 16 years old.
Card 332
Who supported mass deportations of Mexican Americans in the 1930s?
President Hoover's administration and state governments supported deportations.
Card 333
Which nation repaid its war debts in full after WWI?
Finland.
Card 334
What was the outcome of the invasion of Poland in 1939?
Britain and France declared war against Germany; World War II began.
Card 335
What was Japan's reaction to the U.S. oil embargo?
It protested and prepared for potential resource seizures.
Card 336
What role did European scientists play in the US during WWII?
They contributed to defeating fascism through scientific work.
Card 337
What was the impact of internment on Japanese Americans?
Japanese Americans on the West Coast were forced into internment camps.
Card 338
What strategy did the U.S. use in the Pacific called island hopping?
Seizing strategic locations and bypassing strong Japanese posts.
Card 339
What was the human impact of WWII?
The deaths of 70-80 million worldwide, with significant Soviet losses.
Card 340
How did the U.S. allies differ between WWI and WWII?
WWI allies were democracies; WWII included non-democracies.
Card 341
What was Theodore Roosevelt's view on achieving peace in World War I?
He believed in achieving peace only through overwhelming victory.
Card 342
What was the significance of the United States' expansion after the Civil War?
Post-Civil War expansion included annexing islands and territories to enhance trade and strategic influence globally.
Card 343
What was Blaine's goal at the Pan-American Conference?
To promote cooperation on trade with Latin American nations.
Card 344
Who were the Progressives and what did they aim to change?
A diverse group aimed to limit big business power, improve democracy, and strengthen social justice.
Card 345
What did the 17th Amendment achieve?
It required U.S. senators to be elected by popular vote.
Card 346
What conservation efforts did Roosevelt champion?
Roosevelt set aside federal land and formed conservation initiatives.
Card 347
What was President Wilson's stance on racial equality during his term?
Wilson, with Southern roots, supported segregation and did little for racial equality.
Card 348
How did Wilson reform the U.S. banking system?
Wilson established the Federal Reserve Act of 1914 to reform the banking system.
Card 349
Why did some Republicans argue for U.S. entry into WWI?
They feared a German victory would shift the balance of power and harm U.S. interests.
Card 350
What was the primary focus of the Treaty of Versailles?
To punish Germany and establish conditions for peace.
Card 351
What action did the Fuel Administration take during WWI?
The Fuel Administration closed nonessential factories and introduced daylight saving time.
Card 352
How did the 1918 influenza pandemic affect the United States?
It infected millions worldwide and killed 500,000 to 675,000 Americans.
Card 353
What was the significance of oil in 1920s economic growth?
The increased use of oil in factories and automobiles.
Card 354
What conflicts arose in the 1920s due to prosperity and technological developments?
Conflicts arose over cultural and political issues such as immigration and Prohibition.
Card 355
What was a major expression of nativism in the 1920s?
The resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan was a major expression of nativism in the 1920s.
Card 356
What was Marcus Garvey's contribution to African American nationalism?
He advocated Black pride and nationalism, creating the UNIA and a back-to-Africa movement.
Card 357
Why was there not more conflict between modernists and traditionalists in the 1920s?
Consumer culture and materialism helped mitigate potential conflicts.
Card 358
How did government policies in the 1920s affect the economy?
High tariffs and lack of regulation hurt farmers and international trade.
Card 359
How did the Great Depression affect American political landscape in 1932?
It ended Republican domination and led to a Democratic landslide victory.
Card 360
What was the effect of Roosevelt's fireside chats?
They reassured the public about the safety of banks, increasing deposits.
Card 361
Who was Father Charles E. Coughlin?
A Catholic priest who criticized the New Deal and suggested nationalizing banks.
Card 362
What was the cause of the 1937-1938 recession?
It was partly due to reduced consumer spending from new taxes and reduced government relief spending.
Card 363
What was the overall impact of the New Deal on capitalism, according to Howard Zinn?
Howard Zinn argued the New Deal maintained capitalism while aiding some, but systemic issues persisted.
Card 364
What was Herbert Hoover's approach to foreign policy?
He adopted a policy of isolationism, avoiding firm commitments.
Card 365
What was Roosevelt's economic measure for governing the Philippines?
Passing of the Tydings-McDuffie Act for economic reasons.
Card 366
What was the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928?
A pact to renounce war as national policy.
Card 367
What was the purpose of the Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act of 1943?
It allowed the government to take over strike-threatened businesses.
Card 368
What role did women play in the WWII workforce?
Over 200,000 women served in noncombat roles; many filled vacated industrial jobs.
Card 369
What happened at the Battle of Leyte Gulf?
The Japanese navy was virtually destroyed.
Card 370
What was the outcome of the 1945 San Francisco conference?
The drafting of the United Nations Charter and U.S. ratification.
Card 371
How did national values change from WWI to 1945?
WWI saw isolationism; by 1945, collective security was favored.
Card 372
What broader historical context is important when evaluating U.S. entry into World War I?
Long-standing American values, such as democracy and peace, were crucial to their decision.
Card 373
Why was there opposition to annexing Hawaii?
Opposition stemmed from anti-imperialist views and President Cleveland's stance against annexation.
Card 374
What did the Monroe Doctrine dispute with Britain lead to?
Britain agreed to arbitrate a dispute, influenced by U.S. pressure under the doctrine.
Card 375
What common beliefs did Progressives share?
That society needed government action for change and moderate reforms were better.
Card 376
What are the initiative and referendum in the Progressive context?
Methods allowing voters to propose or vote on legislation directly.
Card 377
What was Taft's approach to antitrust cases?
Taft prosecuted nearly twice the number of antitrust cases as Roosevelt.
Card 378
What were the core differences between Booker T. Washington's and W. E. B. Du Bois's approaches?
Washington emphasized economic progress; Du Bois focused on civil rights.
Card 379
What caused World War I to start?
World War I started with the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand.
Card 380
What was the National Defense Act of 1916?
It increased the U.S. army to nearly 175,000 and approved the construction of over 50 warships.
Card 381
Who were the members of the 'Big Four' at the Versailles Conference?
David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, Vittorio Orlando, and Woodrow Wilson.
Card 382
How was U.S. war financing achieved during WWI?
The U.S. raised $33 billion through Liberty Bonds, loans, and increased taxes.
Card 383
What caused the economic challenges during U.S. demobilization after World War I?
Transition from a wartime to peacetime economy led to unemployment and recession.
Card 384
How did consumer credit affect the economy in the 1920s?
It led to overconsumption and contributed to the economic collapse.
Card 385
Why did the 1920s see a shift in American hero worship?
Hero worship shifted from politicians to sports and movie stars celebrated in mass media.
Card 386
How did the Ku Klux Klan terrorize those they targeted in the 1920s?
The Klan used cross burning and vigilante justice to terrorize those they targeted.
Card 387
What characterized Republican leadership in the 1920s?
Republicans embraced limited government regulation to stabilize business and aid economic growth.
Card 388
Who were key figures in the conflict over religion in the 1920s?
Key figures included Billy Sunday, Aimee Semple McPherson, and Clarence Darrow.
Card 389
What effect did global economic problems have on the Great Depression?
U.S. demands for debt repayment and tariffs weakened global trade.
Card 390
What did Franklin D. Roosevelt promise during the 1932 election?
He pledged a 'new deal,' repeal of Prohibition, aid for the unemployed, and cuts in government spending.
Card 391
What was the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) designed to do?
Provide grants to operate relief for the jobless and homeless.
Card 392
What was Dr. Francis E. Townsend's proposal?
He proposed a federal sales tax-funded pension for seniors to boost spending.
Card 393
What was the 'depression mentality' experienced by those who lived through the Great Depression?
It was a persistent attitude of insecurity and economic anxiety despite later prosperity.
Card 394
How did Larry Schweikart view the New Deal's impact on unemployment?
Larry Schweikart argued that New Deal job programs were ineffective at reducing unemployment substantially.
Card 395
How did the League of Nations respond to Japan's actions in Manchuria?
The League passed a resolution condemning Japan's invasion, but took no effective action.
Card 396
How did the League of Nations and the United States respond to Italy's invasion of Ethiopia?
They objected but took no action to stop Italy.
Card 397
What did the America First Committee advocate for?
Isolationism and staying out of foreign wars.
Card 398
How did the US government fund the war effort?
Through increased income tax and selling war bonds.
Card 399
How did the 'Rosie the Riveter' song influence women?
The song encouraged women to take defense jobs, boosting workforce participation.
Card 400
What was the Manhattan Project?
A project to develop the atomic bomb, employed 100,000 people.
Card 401
What role did the United States play after WWII?
The U.S. emerged as a global leader and shaper of postwar settlements.
Card 402
Why were the Progressive reforms focused on politics?
Progressives focused on political reforms like direct elections.
Card 403
How did internal migration patterns change American culture between 1900 and 1945?
They significantly influenced culture through regional blending and diverse contributions.
Card 404
What was the motivation behind American imperialism in the late 19th century?
American imperialism was driven by economic and diplomatic goals to secure markets and resources without military action.
Card 405
How did the Venezuela boundary dispute affect U.S.British relations?
It marked a turn toward friendship and away from rivalry with Britain.
Card 406
How did Pragmatism influence Progressive thinkers?
It allowed challenging fixed ideas and beliefs, promoting reform through testing ideas.
Card 407
What municipal reform did Samuel M. Jones introduce in Toledo?
He introduced free kindergartens, night schools, and public playgrounds.
Card 408
How did Taft contribute to conservation?
Taft established the Bureau of Mines and conserved oil lands.
Card 409
What was the mission of the NAACP when it was founded?
The mission was to abolish segregation and increase educational opportunities for Blacks.
Card 410
What was Wilson's initial response to World War I?
Wilson declared U.S. neutrality and urged Americans not to take sides in the conflict.
Card 411
Why were many Americans opposed to preparedness for war?
Groups feared preparedness would lead to U.S. involvement in the war.
Card 412
What nations were newly established after World War I?
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.
Card 413
What was the role of the Committee on Public Information?
The Committee on Public Information used propaganda to boost support for the war effort.
Card 414
What was the Red Scare and why did it occur?
Fear of communism after Russia's takeover and domestic labor unrest.
Card 415
How did automobiles impact American society?
They transformed commuting, travel, and social activities.
Card 416
What divisions existed among Protestants in the 1920s?
Divisions existed between modernists and fundamentalists, especially regarding evolution and creationism.
Card 417
What did Gertrude Stein call the disillusioned writers of the postwar decade?
Gertrude Stein called them the 'lost generation.'
Card 418
What were Warren Harding's notable domestic policy actions?
Harding reduced income tax, increased tariff rates, and established the Bureau of the Budget.
Card 419
What did the Volstead Act relate to?
The Volstead Act related to prohibition and alcohol restriction.
Card 420
What were some effects of the Great Depression on the U.S. economy?
The GNP and national income halved, with massive unemployment and bank closures.
Card 421
How did the 20th Amendment change presidential terms?
It shortened the period between presidential election and inauguration.
Card 422
What did the Glass-Steagall Act regulate?
Increased regulation of banks and limited investment of customers' money.
Card 423
Who was Huey Long and what was his proposal?
A senator from Louisiana proposing wealth redistribution through his 'Share Our Wealth' program.
Card 424
What were the causes and effects of the Dust Bowl?
Poor farming practices and drought created severe dust storms, leading to migration and federal intervention.
Card 425
What was Charles Lindbergh's stance on American involvement in war?
Charles Lindbergh opposed U.S. involvement in war, advocating for American isolationism.
Card 426
What was the purpose of the Stimson Doctrine?
To refuse recognition of regimes established by force, like Manchukuo.
Card 427
Why did the Axis Powers form an alliance in 1940?
To unite against common political and military goals.
Card 428
What was the significance of the Neutrality Acts?
They aimed to limit U.S. involvement in future wars.
Card 429
What was the role of wartime propaganda in the US?
To maintain morale, conserve resources, and increase production.
Card 430
What was the purpose of war rationing during WWII?
To ensure fair distribution of limited goods and prevent inflation during shortages.
Card 431
What was the impact of the atomic bombs on Japan?
Resulted in roughly 250,000 Japanese deaths.
Card 432
How did the Soviet Union's postwar actions affect expectations?
The Soviet expansion in Eastern Europe dimmed hopes for cooperation.
Card 433
How did New Deal reforms focus on the economy?
The New Deal aimed at economic measures like social security.
Card 434
How did the U.S. economic system change due to reform movements between 1900 and 1941?
Reform movements led to increased government regulation and economic diversification.
Card 435
How did economic interests drive U.S. expansionism?
Growing industries and markets abroad drove expansion, supported by business leaders and industrialists eager for new markets.
Card 436
What impact did the Monroe Doctrine have on expansionists?
It provided justification for U.S. interference in Western Hemisphere nations.
Card 437
What role did religion play in the Progressive movement?
Protestant churches emphasized social responsibility and helped address urban poverty.
Card 438
How did the commission plan of government work in Galveston?
Voters elected heads of city departments instead of just the mayor.
Card 439
Why did the Republican Party split under Taft?
Taft's policies alienated Progressives, splitting the party.
Card 440
What was the motto of the National Urban League and what did it signify?
The motto was 'Not Alms But Opportunity,' emphasizing self-reliance and economic advancement.
Card 441
What were the underlying causes of World War I?
Key causes included nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and alliances.
Card 442
What was the significance of Wilson's 1917 Senate speech?
Wilson declared commitment to 'peace without victory' before shifting to support war in 1917 due to German actions.
Card 443
What was Article X of the League of Nations covenant about?
It aimed to protect the independence and territorial integrity of member nations.
Card 444
How did nativist groups in the U.S. express prejudices during WWI?
Nativist groups conducted 'Hate the Hun' campaigns and targeted German Americans.
Card 445
What were the Palmer Raids and what were their consequences?
Mass arrests of radicals; over 6,000 people were arrested, with 500 deported.
Card 446
What challenges did farmers face in the 1920s?
Debt and declining prices after the wartime boom ended.
Card 447
How did radio facilitate religious revivalism in the 1920s?
Revivalists used radio to spread fundamentalist messages, innovating mass communication.
Card 448
How did George Gershwin contribute to American music?
George Gershwin blended jazz and classical music, notably in 'Rhapsody in Blue.'
Card 449
What scandal marred Hardings presidency?
Scandals involved officials like Albert B. Fall accepting bribes in the Teapot Dome scandal.
Card 450
Which groups were involved in the conflict over immigration in the 1920s?
Involved were the Ku Klux Klan and groups against immigrants and communists.
Card 451
How did President Hoover respond to the Great Depression?
Hoover urged voluntary cooperation but later recognized the need for government action.
Card 452
How is Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency described in terms of influence?
He expanded the federal government, altered its scope, and greatly enlarged presidential powers.
Card 453
Why was the National Recovery Administration declared unconstitutional?
The Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional in 1935.
Card 454
What challenge did the Supreme Court present to Roosevelt?
The Court declared key New Deal laws unconstitutional, challenging Roosevelt's policies.
Card 455
How did the New Deal programs affect African Americans?
Some programs provided jobs for African Americans, but they faced discrimination and were often excluded from relief.
Card 456
What was the goal of the Washington Conference of 1921?
The Washington Conference aimed for naval disarmament and resolving Pacific conflicts.
Card 457
What change did Roosevelt implement in U.S.-Cuba relations in 1934?
He persuaded Congress to nullify the Platt Amendment but retained the U.S. naval base at Guantanamo Bay.
Card 458
What was the purpose of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934?
To reduce U.S. tariffs reciprocally with other nations.
Card 459
What was Roosevelt's response to Japan's invasion of China?
Implemented export restrictions and froze Japanese assets.
Card 460
Who were the Tuskegee Airmen and what was their achievement?
A distinguished group of African American pilots in WWII.
Card 461
How did WWII affect regional differences in the U.S.?
Wartime migrations softened regional differences and highlighted racial discrimination issues.
Card 462
Under what condition did Japan agree to surrender?
The emperor to remain as a titular head of state.
Card 463
What did the United States propose regarding atomic weapons in 1946?
A plan for control of atomic weapons and disarmament, vetoed by the Soviet Union.
Card 464
What effect did World War I have on American business compared to World War II?
World War I strained industries; World War II led to expanded production and labor demand.