APUSH Unit 9
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APUSH Unit 9
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This flashcard set examines key events and policies in U.S. history from the late 20th century to the early 21st century. Learners will explore significant presidential elections, economic changes, foreign policy developments, and social issues, focusing on figures like Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump. Through various questions, this set encourages an understanding of shifts in political ideologies, economic policies, and their implications for American society.
Card 1
What was the significance of Ronald Reagan's election in 1980?
Reagan's election signaled the rise of conservatism and ended Democratic dominance in Congress.
Card 2
What changes were made to Social Security under Reagan?
Reagan raised the age for full benefits to 67 and taxed benefits for upper-income recipients.
Card 3
Who began the call for a 'kinder, gentler America'?
President George H. W. Bush.
Card 4
What was Ronald Reagan's view on government in his inaugural address?
Reagan stated that government was the problem and not the solution.
Card 5
What was President George H. W. Bush's role after the Cold War?
He defined the U.S. role in the post-Cold War era.
Card 6
What was Bill Clinton's approach to government in 1992?
Clinton advocated for a leaner government that expanded opportunity and relied on free enterprise.
Card 7
What was the increase in per capita income from 1970 to 2000?
It rose from 22,199 in constant dollars.
Card 8
What policy discouraged immigrants by 2019?
Policies prevented immigrants from receiving welfare for five years.
Card 9
Who became the first African American Secretary of State under George W. Bush?
General Colin Powell.
Card 10
What was the U.S. justification for preemptive attacks post-9/11?
The U.S. used preemptive attacks to stop terrorists from acquiring WMDs.
Card 11
What was the purpose of the 2001 tax cuts?
To lower taxes by $1.35 trillion over ten years and stimulate the economy.
Card 12
What percentage increase did the Dow Jones achieve under Obama?
210 percent.
Card 13
What changes were made to tax brackets and estate taxes during the Trump administration?
Tax brackets were lowered from 35 to 21 percent and the estate tax threshold was raised to $11 million per individual.
Card 14
How did Reagan's foreign policy approach the Soviet Union?
Reagan combined aggressive anti-Communism with arms-reduction negotiations with the Soviet Union.
Card 15
What was the impact of Reagan's deregulation policies?
Deregulation reduced federal regulations, eased restrictions on industries, and opened federal lands for production.
Card 16
What was the main challenge for President Bush in his administration?
Dealing with budget issues and declining trust in government.
Card 17
Which president's philosophy was similar to Ronald Reagans according to the provided choices?
William McKinley, because he believed in the role of corporations in economic growth.
Card 18
Who invaded Kuwait in August 1990?
Saddam Hussein, Iraq's dictator.
Card 19
Who was the Republican nominee in the 1992 presidential election?
President George H.W. Bush was nominated for a second term.
Card 20
How did income distribution vary by race in 2000?
White families had 35,054, and Black $34,192.
Card 21
Where did 60% of Americans live by 2000?
They lived in the South or West.
Card 22
What was the goal of Al-Qaeda and other Islamic extremists?
To restore an Islamic caliphate from North Africa to East Asia.
Card 23
Who were the main candidates in the 2008 Democratic primary?
Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama were the top candidates.
Card 24
Who benefited most from the 2001 tax cuts according to critics?
The richest 5 percent of the population.
Card 25
How much relief did the CFPB provide to consumers?
$11.7 billion for over 27 million consumers.
Card 26
How did Republicans alter financial regulations under Trump's administration?
Parts of the Dodd-Frank Act were dismantled and Obama-era regulations to control greenhouse gases were overturned.
Card 27
What was the political divide in the US after 1980?
Rural areas became conservative, older, and Whiter, while urban areas became multicultural and progressive.
Card 28
How did Reagan approach labor unions?
Reagan took a tough stand against unions, firing striking air traffic controllers and decertifying their union.
Card 29
Which states were critical in determining presidential elections due to political polarization?
Swing states like Ohio and Florida.
Card 30
What action did Reagan propose for the economy in his inaugural address?
Reagan proposed removing roadblocks to economic productivity.
Card 31
What was Operation Desert Storm?
A military operation led by the U.S. to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait.
Card 32
Why was the Cold War's end significant for America's economy?
The end of the Cold War allowed America to enjoy economic benefits and technological innovations.
Card 33
What was the income difference between high school and college graduates?
High school graduates earned half the income of college graduates.
Card 34
What economic region was booming by the 1980s?
The Sun Belt was booming by the 1980s.
Card 35
What significant terrorist attack occurred on September 11, 2001?
Coordinated attacks by Al-Qaeda on the World Trade Center and Pentagon, killing nearly 3,000 people.
Card 36
Who won the 2008 U.S. presidential election?
Barack Obama won the 2008 U.S. presidential election.
Card 37
What was the impact of the 2001 tax cuts on the national debt?
It contributed to the doubling of the national debt from 10 trillion.
Card 38
What criticisms faced the Obama administration during its recovery efforts?
A slow recovery and a lower employment rate than pre-recession.
Card 39
What actions did Trump take regarding the Affordable Care Act?
Trump eliminated the mandate to buy health insurance and attempted to overturn DACA.
Card 40
How did Reagan address the economic issues during his presidency?
Reagan implemented tax cuts and reduced government spending to stimulate economic growth.
Card 41
What caused the decline of union membership in the 1980s?
Anti-union policies, loss of manufacturing jobs, and economic recession reduced union membership.
Card 42
What shift in political affiliation transformed American politics in the 1990s?
The shift of Southern White conservatives from the Democratic to the Republican Party.
Card 43
Which accomplishment fulfilled Reagan's pledge to reduce taxes?
Reducing taxes for businesses and upper-income individuals.
Card 44
What happened in Tiananmen Square in 1989?
Prodemocracy protesters were crushed by the Chinese government.
Card 45
Who emerged as the Democratic nominee in 1992?
Bill Clinton, a youthful governor of Arkansas, emerged as the nominee.
Card 46
Who owned the majority of the nation's wealth in 2007?
The wealthiest 1 percent owned 35 percent of the nation's wealth.
Card 47
Why did the Sun Belt attract businesses?
Due to a friendly business environment, low taxes, and weak labor unions.
Card 48
What was the reaction of Americans to security measures after 9/11?
Most accepted extensive security measures, but some were troubled by civil rights impacts.
Card 49
What was historic about Barack Obama's election?
Obama's election was historic as he was the first African American president.
Card 50
What was the goal of the No Child Left Behind Act?
To improve student performance and close the gap between rich and poor students.
Card 51
What energy developments did the Obama administration focus on?
Reducing oil reliance and developing solar and wind power.
Card 52
How did Trump's administration approach immigration policies?
The administration implemented tough border policies and cooperated with Mexico and Central America to restrict migration.
Card 53
What led to the end of the Democratic dominance in Congress in 1980?
Republican control was achieved by taking over 50% of the blue-collar vote and winning the Senate.
Card 54
What were the effects of the 1982 recession?
Banks failed and unemployment reached 11%, but inflation also decreased.
Card 55
Who became less influential as the Republican Party grew more conservative?
Moderate Republicans.
Card 56
How did Reagan renew the Cold War during his first term?
Through increased defense spending and supporting anti-Communist forces.
Card 57
Which Eastern European countries saw the Communist Party fall?
Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, and East Germany.
Card 58
What was Bill Clinton's strategy in the 1992 election?
Clinton focused on economic issues, appealing to the 'vital center' and emphasizing 'the economy, stupid.'
Card 59
How did wealth concentration change by the late 2010s?
The top 1 percent held 43 percent of financial wealth.
Card 60
How did Texas and the Southwest grow economically?
Oil and military installations helped Texas and the Southwest grow.
Card 61
What did the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 enable?
It allowed the government greater powers for surveillance and arrests.
Card 62
Who did Obama appoint as Secretary of State?
Hillary Clinton was appointed as Secretary of State.
Card 63
What did the Medicare laws under Bush provide?
Prescription drug coverage for seniors.
Card 64
Which international agreement did the US join in 2015 to address climate change?
The Paris Agreement.
Card 65
Who were the Supreme Court justices appointed by Trump?
Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett.
Card 66
How did the Reagan administration's financial policies benefit taxpayers?
Reagan's tax policies included significant cuts for upper-income taxpayers and investments for small investors.
Card 67
How did the economy change starting in 1983?
The economy rebounded, but the income gap widened, benefiting upper-income groups.
Card 68
What was a result of gerrymandering congressional districts in state legislatures?
Political partisanship and legislative stagnation in Congress.
Card 69
What was the significance of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)?
SDI aimed to destroy enemy missiles before they reached the U.S.
Card 70
When did the Berlin Wall fall?
Late 1989.
Card 71
How did Ross Perot impact the 1992 election?
Ross Perot, a Texas billionaire, was a serious third-party challenger.
Card 72
What financial issue did single-parent households face?
62 percent were without savings or financial assets.
Card 73
What happened to Southern political influence in the 1990s?
The South gained more seats in Congress and electoral votes.
Card 74
What was the largest government reorganization since the creation of the Department of Defense?
The creation of the Department of Homeland Security.
Card 75
What was a major foreign policy aim of Obama's presidency?
Obama aimed to end the unilateral approach and improve U.S. reputation.
Card 76
How did the stock market perform during the early 2000s downturn?
The Dow Jones Industrial Average fell by 38 percent.
Card 77
What education reforms were promoted in Obama's stimulus package?
Reforms in early childhood and K12 education, private-public partnerships, and more charter schools.
Card 78
What was the state of unemployment in the U.S. by 2019 under Trump?
The unemployment rate was 3.5 percent, the lowest in decades.
Card 79
What approach did Reagan advocate for economic recovery?
Reagan promoted supply-side economics, focusing on tax cuts and reduced government spending.
Card 80
What social issue actions did Reagan take?
Reagan appointed conservative judges to the Supreme Court, affecting affirmative action and abortion rulings.
Card 81
When did the conservative resurgence begin with Ronald Reagan's election?
1980.
Card 82
What event led to the U.S. invading Grenada in 1983?
A coup on Grenada led to the establishment of a pro-Cuban regime.
Card 83
What countries declared independence from the Soviet Union in 1990?
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
Card 84
What obstacle did Clinton face in his first two years in office?
Senate Republicans used filibusters to block various reform efforts by Clinton.
Card 85
What did Joseph Stiglitz argue about unions and income inequality?
He argued the decline of strong unions linked to rising inequality.
Card 86
How did demographic shifts affect U.S. politics?
It led to Republican majorities in Congress for the first time in 40 years.
Card 87
How did the U.S. respond to early terrorist attacks in the 1990s?
By bombing Al-Qaeda camps in Afghanistan and Sudan.
Card 88
How did Obama approach military action?
Obama preferred negotiations and targeted operations over large-scale military actions.
Card 89
What unethical practices affected the stock market in the early 2000s?
Fraud and dishonesty by business leaders, such as falsifying earnings by Enron and WorldCom.
Card 90
What was the purpose of the Every Student Succeeds Act?
To replace No Child Left Behind, emphasizing local and state flexibility.
Card 91
What international agreements did Trump withdraw the U.S. from?
Trump withdrew from the INF Treaty, Paris Agreement, TPP, UN Human Rights Council, and UNESCO.
Card 92
What were the domestic challenges faced by the US after 1980?
Challenges included economic stagnation, globalization impact, and rising populist movements.
Card 93
Who was the first woman appointed to the Supreme Court by Reagan?
Sandra Day O'Connor was appointed as the first woman on the Supreme Court.
Card 94
How many times did Democrats win the popular vote in seven presidential elections after 1988?
Six times.
Card 95
What scandal involved secret arms sales to Iran during Reagan's presidency?
The Iran-Contra affair involved illegally funding Contras with arms sale profits to Iran.
Card 96
What was the outcome of the Soviet Union's dissolution in 1991?
The republics dissolved it, leaving Gorbachev without a country.
Card 97
What did the Family and Medical Leave Act require?
It required businesses to allow workers unpaid leave for specific medical reasons.
Card 98
What economic period does the wealth concentration remind some people of?
The late 19th century's Gilded Age.
Card 99
What cultural changes spread from the South and West?
Country music, evangelical Protestantism, and gun rights attitudes spread.
Card 100
Why did many in the Arab world criticize the United States?
For siding with Israel and stationing troops in the Middle East.
Card 101
What happened in Iraq between 2009 and 2011?
The U.S. withdrew the last forces from Iraq in 2011, but sectarian violence resumed.
Card 102
How did the Federal Reserve respond to the 2000-2002 recession?
By cutting interest rates to 1.25 percent.
Card 103
What economic factors led to increased national debt during Obama's presidency?
Decreased tax receipts, increased spending to avoid depression, and a shrinking economy.
Card 104
What was the result of Trump's tariffs on China?
The tariffs had mixed results, including higher prices and reduced exports, but led to a Phase 1 trade agreement.
Card 105
What marked the decline of communism in Europe in 1989?
The destruction of the Berlin Wall symbolized communism's decline.
Card 106
What changes occurred in the Supreme Court regarding abortion?
The court allowed states to impose greater restrictions on abortion but did not overturn Roe v. Wade.
Card 107
Who won the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections?
Republican George W. Bush.
Card 108
What was the outcome of the 1982 Lebanon invasion approved by the U.S.?
The invasion aimed to stop PLO raids and resulted in few achievements.
Card 109
What was the START I agreement?
A 1991 agreement to reduce nuclear warheads to under 10,000.
Card 110
What was the 'motor voter' law?
This law enabled citizens to register to vote when getting their driver's licenses.
Card 111
What was a debated cause of wage stagnation in the 1990s and 2000s?
Increased immigration to the U.S.
Card 112
How did the Hispanic population affect culture in the U.S.?
The population introduced common Mexican food, Roman Catholicism, and Spanish.
Card 113
What was President Bush's stance on Osama bin Laden after 9/11?
He wanted bin Laden and Al-Qaeda leaders dead or alive.
Card 114
Why was the Bush administration criticized regarding Afghanistan?
The administration was criticized for ignoring Afghanistan to focus on Iraq.
Card 115
How much did the federal deficit decrease by 2016?
From almost 10% of GDP to under 3% by 2016.
Card 116
How did Trump alter U.S. policy toward Iran?
Trump withdrew from the nuclear agreement and ordered an assassination of an Iranian general.
Card 117
How did globalization affect the US economy after 1980?
Globalization increased competition and led to financial instability in the US economy.
Card 118
Who were the 1984 presidential candidates for each party?
Republicans nominated Ronald Reagan, and Democrats nominated Walter Mondale.
Card 119
What significant change in media contributed to increased partisanship?
Changes in media and the rise of cable television.
Card 120
What were the reforms introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union?
Glasnost and perestroika were introduced by Gorbachev.
Card 121
What did the START II treaty accomplish?
Reduced nuclear weapons to just over 3,000 each and offered economic aid to Russia.
Card 122
What did the Brady Bill enact?
It mandated a five-day waiting period for handgun purchases.
Card 123
What did Topic 9.5 focus on regarding population growth?
The causes and effects of immigration.
Card 124
What demographic shift occurred in Virginia due to migration?
The region became politically liberal with Democrats gaining control.
Card 125
What were the consequences of stationing U.S. troops in the Middle East?
It was seen as a violation of Islamic lands, causing resentment.
Card 126
How many troops did Obama add in Afghanistan in 2009 and 2010?
Obama added 17,000 troops in 2009 and 30,000 more in 2010.
Card 127
What was President Bush's proposal for Social Security?
To privatize Social Security by allowing market investment of payroll deductions.
Card 128
What was a major goal of the Affordable Care Act?
To extend affordable health insurance to an additional 25 million Americans.
Card 129
What were the results of the Mueller investigation?
34 indictments and 8 convictions of Trump campaign staff, but no recommendation to indict Trump.
Card 130
What role did evangelical Christians play in 1980s politics?
Evangelical Christians increased political involvement, strengthening the Republican Party.
Card 131
What was Reagan's campaign theme in 1984?
Reagan's campaign theme was 'It's Morning Again in America.'
Card 132
Who was a notable host that gained a large following in conservative talk radio?
Rush Limbaugh.
Card 133
What did Reagan urge Gorbachev to do in his 1987 Berlin speech?
He urged Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall.
Card 134
What concerns did Americans have after the Cold War ended?
The need for continued heavy defense spending and military bases.
Card 135
What was included in Clinton's Anti-Crime Bill?
The bill provided funding for police and crime-prevention and banned most assault rifles.
Card 136
What was Clinton praised for despite controversies?
His skill in compromising and negotiation.
Card 137
What was the U.S. population according to the 2000 census?
The U.S. population was 281.4 million.
Card 138
Who became the head of the Afghan government after the Taliban was overthrown?
Hamid Karzai.
Card 139
What was the result of the U.S. operation in May 2011?
Osama bin Laden was killed by a CIA and Navy SEAL operation.
Card 140
What were the results of the 2005 Hurricane Katrina response?
FEMA failed to anticipate and respond, leaving thousands in desperate conditions.
Card 141
What were key reforms introduced by Obamacare?
Insurance reforms, preexisting condition coverage, and extended parental insurance for children up to age 26.
Card 142
Why was Trump impeached by the House in 2019?
For abuse of power and obstruction of Congress related to Ukraine aid.
Card 143
How did Reagan handle the recession and unemployment issues in 1980?
Reagan used economic distress metrics to criticize Carter and promote his agenda.
Card 144
Which groups mainly supported the Democrats in the 1984 election?
African Americans and people earning less than $12,500 mainly supported Democrats.
Card 145
What was the purpose of the Brady Bill passed in 1993?
To mandate background checks and a five-day waiting period for handguns.
Card 146
What agreement resulted from the 1987 summit between Reagan and Gorbachev?
The agreement was to remove and destroy all intermediate-range missiles.
Card 147
When did the European Union adopt the euro?
In 2002.
Card 148
How much spending and tax changes did the deficit-reduction budget include?
241 billion in tax increases.
Card 149
Which event highlighted anti-immigrant sentiment in the 2016 election?
The chant Build the wall! against undocumented immigration.
Card 150
Where were most U.S. residents living in 2000?
50% lived in suburbs, 30% in cities, 20% in rural areas.
Card 151
What did the bipartisan commission on terrorism criticize after 9/11?
The FBI and CIA for failing to effectively share intelligence.
Card 152
What event marked the 'Arab Spring' starting in 2010?
It was a series of protests across the Middle East and North Africa.
Card 153
What led to the Democrats gaining control of Congress in 2006?
Dissatisfaction with the Katrina response, the Iraq War, and scandals.
Card 154
What were the Republicans' criticisms of Obamacare?
Regulations and costs associated with Obamacare.
Card 155
What was the outcome of Trump's first impeachment trial in the Senate?
The Senate found Trump not guilty.
Card 156
What were the global effects of the end of the Cold War?
The end of the Cold War allowed suppressed conflicts to surface globally, causing violence.
Card 157
How did Reagan's policies affect the federal deficit by 1986?
Reagan's tax cuts and military spending increased the deficit, which reached 4.8% of GDP by 1986.
Card 158
What did the Supreme Court's decision in District of Columbia v. Heller affirm?
The right to possess a firearm unconnected with militia service.
Card 159
How did Gorbachev aim to reform the Soviet economy?
Gorbachev introduced free-market practices in the Soviet economy.
Card 160
What were challenges faced by Russia under Yeltsin?
Economic reform struggles and rampant corruption.
Card 161
What change happened in Congress in 1994?
Republicans gained control of both houses, known as the 'Republican Revolution.'
Card 162
What did the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 change?
It removed racially based quotas, favoring family ties and skills.
Card 163
What caused the U.S. population to 'gray' by 2000?
A declining birthrate and increased life expectancy led to this shift.
Card 164
What did President Bush declare in his 2002 State of the Union address about certain countries?
He referred to Iraq, North Korea, and Iran as an 'axis of evil.'
Card 165
Why was Obama criticized during the Syrian civil war?
Obama was criticized for not intervening effectively in the humanitarian crisis.
Card 166
What caused the housing boom of 2002-2007?
Fraudulent mortgage lending and speculation by nonbank institutions with little regulation.
Card 167
What significant legislative act aimed at equal pay did Obama sign?
The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act.
Card 168
When was the first COVID-19 case confirmed in the U.S.?
January 20, 2020.
Card 169
Who was targeted by the Moral Majority during Reagan's election?
Eleven liberal Democratic senators were defeated by the Moral Majority's influence.
Card 170
What was the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act?
The act provided for spending cuts to reduce the federal deficit.
Card 171
What issue causes continual debate over the appointment of federal judges?
Abortion rights following Roe v. Wade.
Card 172
What was one specific effect of the conservative resurgence in the 1980s?
It led to changes in federal government policy during the 1980s.
Card 173
What were the Balkan Wars?
Conflicts in the Balkans leading to ethnic cleansing and NATO intervention.
Card 174
What was the 'Contract with America'?
It was a list of policy priorities promoted by Republicans in 1994.
Card 175
How did immigration impact U.S. population growth in the 1990s?
Immigration accounted for 27.8% of population growth.
Card 176
What trend affected family structure by 2000?
There was a significant increase in single-parent families.
Card 177
Why did the Bush administration face criticism for the Iraq War?
For going into Iraq with unproven claims about WMDs and insufficient troops.
Card 178
What is ISIS and what was their goal?
ISIS aimed to create a worldwide caliphate under strict Islamic law.
Card 179
How did Wall Street contribute to the housing crisis?
By packaging high-risk loans into complex investments and selling them globally.
Card 180
What movement opposed government spending and Obamacare?
The Tea Party movement.
Card 181
How did the U.S. respond initially to the COVID-19 pandemic?
The U.S. was slow in testing, had inconsistent state policies, and lacked federal leadership.
Card 182
What was the 'misery index' cited by Reagan during his campaign?
The 'misery index' combined inflation and unemployment rates to critique Jimmy Carter's presidency.
Card 183
How did Reagan's presidency change government policy debates?
Reagan's presidency shifted debates to which government programs to cut rather than creating new ones.
Card 184
What significant movement in 2017 aimed to address sexual harassment and assault?
The #MeToo movement.
Card 185
Who did George Schultz push for peace between in the Middle East?
Schultz pursued peace between the Palestinians and Israelis.
Card 186
What did the collapse of Soviet communism lead to for Eastern Europe?
Economic stagnation and difficulty transitioning to democracy.
Card 187
What statement did Clinton make in his 1995 State of the Union address?
He declared, 'The era of big government is over.'
Card 188
What did the 1996 immigration reform legislation aim to address?
Address undocumented migration and limit immigration.
Card 189
How many workers supported each Social Security beneficiary in 2010?
There were 2.9 workers for each beneficiary.
Card 190
What was the outcome when U.S. forces couldn't find WMDs in Iraq?
Increased criticism and questions arose about the legitimacy of the war.
Card 191
How did the U.S. respond to ISIS under Obama?
Obama committed air power and trainers to help Iraq regain territories.
Card 192
What was the result of the housing bubble bursting?
Prices collapsed, foreclosures climbed, and financial institutions faced failure.
Card 193
What was the outcome of the Citizens United v. FEC ruling?
Corporations were deemed 'legal persons' and could buy ads to influence elections.
Card 194
What was Operation Warp Speed?
A $10 billion program to accelerate the development of COVID-19 vaccines.
Card 195
What was the impact of Reagans campaign question to voters in 1980?
Reagan's question highlighted economic dissatisfaction, contributing to his election victory.
Card 196
Why was President Reagan popular by the end of his term?
Reagan was popular for his communication style, humor, and patriotism.
Card 197
What was the impact of George Floyd's death in 2020 on protests?
It created international protests and deepened the divide between advocates for rights vs. order.
Card 198
What criticism faced the SDI program under Reagan?
Critics argued it would escalate the arms race and was costly.
Card 199
How many nations did the European Union include by 2007?
27 nations, including 10 former Soviet satellites.
Card 200
What major reforms were part of the 1996 compromise budget?
Reforms included maintaining Medicare and Social Security, limiting welfare, and balancing the budget.
Card 201
What was DACA and why was it controversial?
DACA protected undocumented youth from deportation and was challenged legally.
Card 202
What is the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965?
It reformed the quota system for immigrants.
Card 203
What was a key point in President Bush's second term regarding the global perception of America?
Photos at Abu Ghraib damaged America's reputation.
Card 204
What was the 2015 agreement with Iran about?
The agreement aimed to prevent Iran from developing nuclear bombs for 15 years.
Card 205
What was the purpose of the Economic Stabilization Act of 2008?
To help banks and restore credit markets by purchasing failing assets.
Card 206
Who won the 2012 presidential election and with what electoral vote count?
President Obama, with 332 electoral votes to Romney's 206.
Card 207
Who won the 2020 U.S. presidential election?
Joe Biden and Kamala Harris won the election.
Card 208
How did Reagans administration initially gain popularity?
Reagan gained popularity by handling the Iranian hostage release and surviving an assassination attempt.
Card 209
What did George H.W. Bush promise during his campaign?
He promised not to raise taxes, saying, 'Read my lipsno new taxes.'
Card 210
What ruling did the Supreme Court make in Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)?
That same-sex couples have the right to marry under the Fourteenth Amendment.
Card 211
What was the Boland Amendment related to?
It prohibited further U.S. aid to the Contras in Nicaragua.
Card 212
Who succeeded Boris Yeltsin in 2000?
Vladimir Putin.
Card 213
What was a key fiscal achievement during Clinton's presidency?
Clinton's fiscal policies and economic growth led to the first federal surplus since 1969.
Card 214
What were Trump's proposed immigration policies?
Building a border wall and restricting immigration.
Card 215
Who was against illegal immigration reforms in 1996?
Critics of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act.
Card 216
What did President Bush do in response to ongoing violence in Iraq?
He sent an additional 30,000 troops, known as the 'surge.'
Card 217
Why did public opinion turn against the TPP?
American public opinion changed due to anti-globalization sentiment.
Card 218
Why was TARP controversial?
Some viewed it as socialism, others as a bailout for Wall Street executives.
Card 219
What was a political consequence of the 2014 elections?
Republicans gained control of both the House and Senate.
Card 220
What happened on January 6, 2021?
A mob attacked the Capitol, resulting in deaths and injuries, disrupting the electoral vote confirmation.
Card 221
What sparked the 'Black Lives Matter' movement in 2014?
Black Lives Matter began after police killings of African Americans sparked national protests.
Card 222
Why was Clarence Thomas's Supreme Court nomination controversial?
His nomination faced opposition due to his conservative views and sexual harassment charges.
Card 223
What was the immigration roadblock in Congress related to undocumented immigrants?
Amnesty for undocumented immigrants.
Card 224
How did Reagan's foreign policy change during his second term?
Reagan showed flexibility and responded to changes in the Soviet Union.
Card 225
What did Slobodan Milosevic do in the former Yugoslav provinces?
He violently suppressed independence movements.
Card 226
What helped Clinton secure reelection in 1996?
A fast-growing economy and 10 million new jobs supported his reelection.
Card 227
How did Clinton's presidency achieve budget surpluses?
Through tax increases, budget cuts, and a growing economy.
Card 228
What did Trump's 2016 speech emphasize about immigration?
He stressed 'America First' and ending illegal immigration.
Card 229
How did the Taliban change their strategy in Afghanistan over time?
They increased attacks, resulting in more American casualties than in Iraq.
Card 230
What was a major threat to U.S. interests in Asia under Obama?
North Korea's development of nuclear weapons and long-range missiles.
Card 231
What issues led to the Great Recession according to critics?
Low interest rates, deregulation, government home ownership efforts, and fraud.
Card 232
Why did S&P downgrade the US government's credit rating during Obama's term?
Divisions between the Democratic president and the Republican-controlled Congress.
Card 233
How did the Senate respond to Trump's actions on January 6, 2021?
Trump was impeached a second time, but the conviction did not pass in the Senate.
Card 234
What key difference existed between supply-side and Keynesian economics?
Supply-side economics favored tax cuts for investment, unlike Keynesian focus on government spending.
Card 235
What economic issue affected George H.W. Bush's presidency?
The savings and loan crisis and budget deficits of over $250 billion were significant issues.
Card 236
What act in 2010 divided Washington on healthcare coverage?
The Affordable Care Act (ACA).
Card 237
What support did Reagan provide to right-wing dictators in Central America?
He supported them to prevent the spread of communism.
Card 238
What was the ethnic situation in the Balkan Wars?
Ethnic and religious rivalries complicated the wars.
Card 239
What was the projected surplus in federal revenues in the 21st century?
Projected surplus revenues were $4.6 trillion over the first ten years of the 21st century.
Card 240
What caused an increase in productivity in the U.S. during the 1990s?
Advancements in technology and increased efficiency.
Card 241
What was the public's concern according to Trump in 2016?
Illegal immigration was blamed for wage stagnation by many Americans.
Card 242
What significant political change occurred in Iraq by 2005?
Elections were held, a national assembly was created, and leaders were elected.
Card 243
How did Russia respond to Ukraine's pro-Western movement?
Russia orchestrated a revolt in Ukraine and annexed Crimea.
Card 244
What were the causes of the housing market crash debated by historians?
Federal Reserve policies, deregulation of the financial industry, and government home ownership promotion.
Card 245
What was the result of Republican attempts to overturn Obamacare?
They unsuccessfully tried over 50 times to overturn it.
Card 246
What was the focus of Biden's inaugural address?
He called for national unity and ending the pandemic-related suffering.
Card 247
Why did faith in government decline after 1980?
Economic challenges and corporate influence led to skepticism of government solutions.
Card 248
What was the impact of the Americans with Disabilities Act?
The act prohibited discrimination against individuals with disabilities in hiring, transportation, and public accommodations.
Card 249
What major event in 2020 raised doubts about the U.S. healthcare system?
The COVID-19 pandemic.
Card 250
What was Reagan's stance on the Soviet Union during his presidency?
Reagan called them the evil empire and intensified competition.
Card 251
What were NATO's actions in Bosnia in 1995 and Kosovo in 1999?
Diplomacy, bombing, and NATO troops stopped the bloodshed.
Card 252
What did the 1997 tax legislation include?
The legislation cut taxes on estates and capital gains and offered tax credits for families.
Card 253
What impact did globalization have on the U.S. economy after 1980?
Increased global trade and economic interconnectedness.
Card 254
What was a key effect of Sun Belt growth on politics?
It increased political representation and influence in Congress.
Card 255
What foreign policy stance is associated with the Bush administration?
The 'Bush Doctrine' focused on unilateral action rather than cooperation.
Card 256
What action did the U.S. and Europe take against Russia in 2014?
Economic sanctions were placed on Russia and its leaders.
Card 257
What role did the federal government play in the auto industry during the recession?
It took over General Motors and guided the sale of Chrysler to Fiat.
Card 258
What major tax compromise was achieved in 2013?
It preserved Bush tax cuts for incomes under $400,000 and raised the top rate to 39.6% for higher incomes.
Card 259
What aid package did Biden propose during the pandemic?
A $1.9 trillion aid package.
Card 260
What landmark event happened at Columbine High School in 1999?
Fifteen people died in a shooting at Columbine High School in 1999, sparking national outrage.
Card 261
What movement campaigned for reforms following police violence against Black men?
The Black Lives Matter movement.
Card 262
How did Reagan's presidency impact the U.S. defense budget?
The defense budget grew from 300 billion in 1985.
Card 263
What made the transition to democracy difficult for former Communist bloc nations?
Economic stagnation and slow establishment of democracy.
Card 264
What personal issue affected Clinton's presidency?
Clinton was impeached for lying about sexual relations and related abuses of power.
Card 265
How did immigration trends change from 1970 to 2015?
European immigrants decreased, while Asian and Mexican immigrants increased.
Card 266
How were family structures changing by the 2000s?
The rise of single-parent families increased societal challenges.
Card 267
What contributions did President Bush make to global affairs?
Expanded EU and NATO, supported China in WTO, brokered India-Pakistan conflicts.
Card 268
What change did Obama initiate with Cuba?
A slow normalization of relations, including opening embassies.
Card 269
What was the aim of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009?
To provide a $787 billion economic stimulus, creating or saving 3.5 million jobs.
Card 270
What impact did the sequestration have on US programs in 2013?
Automatic cuts affected both domestic and defense spending.
Card 271
What is a major theme in American history according to the text?
Freedom.
Card 272
What was the outcome of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981?
The Act reduced personal, corporate, and inheritance taxes, focusing benefits on upper-income groups.
Card 273
What was the impact of the fairness doctrine's abolition on media?
It led to more polarized media outlets.
Card 274
What event was a notable military triumph for Reagan's presidency?
The invasion of Grenada in 1983 was seen as a success.
Card 275
What did the Polish Communist Party discuss post-1989 elections?
Concerns about destabilization and social upheaval.
Card 276
What was a key factor in the economic boom during Clinton's terms?
Technological innovations spurred productivity and economic growth.
Card 277
What was the impact of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986?
It aimed to control immigration but granted amnesty to many undocumented immigrants.
Card 278
What was the impact of single-parent families in 2000?
They often grew up in poverty and lacked support.
Card 279
What domestic issue did the Republicans emphasize in the 2004 elections?
Emphasized war against terrorism, tax cuts, and opposition to social issues.
Card 280
What type of new security threats emerged in the 21st century?
Cybercrime and cyber warfare became significant threats.
Card 281
What steps did the Federal Reserve take to promote recovery during the recession?
Lowered interest rates and injected $600 billion into the banking system.
Card 282
What event in 2013 led to a 16-day federal government shutdown?
Republicans shut down the federal government.
Card 283
How did the meaning of freedom change during the Reconstruction, Progressive, New Deal, and Civil Rights eras?
It expanded to include equal rights, often increasing government power to protect individuals.
Card 284
How did the demographic shift affect political parties after 1980?
Demographic shifts in the Sun Belt increased Republican support due to conservative growth.
Card 285
Which movement beginning in 2013 sought police reform?
The Black Lives Matter movement.
Card 286
What did the INF agreement achieve in 1987?
It removed and destroyed intermediate-range missiles.
Card 287
Why was China's 1989 situation relevant to Polish Communists?
Concerns about civil unrest similar to the Tiananmen Square massacre.
Card 288
What technological innovations fueled productivity in the 1990s?
The Internet, PCs, software, and wireless tech fueled productivity and e-commerce.
Card 289
What was President Obama's executive action on immigration in 2012?
Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) protected young undocumented immigrants.
Card 290
What did the 21st century reveal about U.S. vulnerabilities?
International terrorism, economic issues, and partisan politics.
Card 291
What was one of the Bush administration's successes regarding terrorism within the U.S.?
There was no major terrorist attack in the U.S. after 9/11.
Card 292
What was targeted by Russian cyber attacks in 2016?
They targeted digital data, including Clinton's campaign documents.
Card 293
What was the purpose of the Cash for Clunkers program?
To promote new car sales and increase fuel efficiency by offering $3 billion in incentives.
Card 294
What caused the Supreme Court to be deadlocked for 13 months during Obama's presidency?
Senate Republicans refused to hold hearings for nominee Merrick Garland.
Card 295
What was the Reagan-era perspective on freedom?
Freedom was defined as reducing big government by cutting regulations.
Card 296
What event in 2001 significantly influenced US foreign policy?
The September 11 attacks prioritized security and led to prolonged Middle Eastern conflicts.
Card 297
What was Clinton's 1993 policy regarding gays in the military?
'Don't ask, don't tell.'
Card 298
Why did Gorbachev want to end the arms race?
To support his reforms, reduce spending, and improve freedom.
Card 299
Which leader joined nine republics to form the CIS?
Boris Yeltsin.
Card 300
What medical advances occurred during Clinton's presidency?
Advances included DNA testing, MRIs, and noninvasive surgeries.
Card 301
What was the economic status of the U.S. compared to other industrialized nations?
It was the richest but had the largest wealth gap among industrialized nations.
Card 302
How was the 2000 election resolved?
The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Bush, ending recounts.
Card 303
What criticism did the Bush administration face concerning environmental policies?
Refused to join the Kyoto Accord and walked out of a UN racism conference.
Card 304
What domestic policies did George W. Bush promote?
Policies included tax cuts, deregulation, and support for faith-based organizations.
Card 305
What did the Dodd-Frank Act aim to achieve?
To improve regulation of financial firms and prevent future bailouts.
Card 306
What issues fueled opposition to globalization in the US before Trump's election?
Unsolved issues of undocumented immigrants and job losses to technology and low-wage countries.
Card 307
How did Eric Foner trace America's thoughts about freedom?
By examining the struggle for independence through the Reagan era.
Card 308
Why were evangelical Christians significant in Reagans election?
Evangelicals bolstered Republican strength, supporting Reagan's conservative agenda.
Card 309
Why did some oppose the Affordable Care Act of 2010?
Some viewed it as government overreach into personal health responsibility.
Card 310
What was the outcome of U.S. Marine presence in Lebanon in 1983?
A suicide bombing at Marine barracks resulted in withdrawal and loss of lives.
Card 311
What was President Bush's plan for a 'new world order'?
To establish peace and democracy globally.
Card 312
What did Thomas Friedman describe in 'The World Is Flat'?
He described global growth and increased competition due to tech advancements.
Card 313
Who criticized the mechanism of wealth concentration in America?
Joseph Stiglitz criticized rising inequality.
Card 314
What was significant about the 2000 presidential election?
It was the closest since 1876 and settled by the Supreme Court.
Card 315
How did the Iraq War impact the Republican Party's political strength?
The war led to expanded Republican majorities in Congress and state-level gains.
Card 316
What did the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau regulate?
Consumer products like mortgages and credit cards.
Card 317
Who were the 2016 presidential nominees for the Republican and Democratic parties?
Donald J. Trump and Hillary Clinton.
Card 318
What did David Hackett Fischer analyze in 'Liberty and Freedom'?
The meaning through visual expressions, customs, and traditions.
Card 319
How did increased military spending impact Reagan's budget cuts?
Military spending increases negated domestic program cuts, impacting budget deficits.
Card 320
What topic remained an ongoing issue due to income and wealth disparities?
Healthcare access and disparities between wealthy and lower-income groups.
Card 321
What role did Lech Walesa play during the Cold War?
Lech Walesa was a leader in the struggle for freedom in Eastern Europe.
Card 322
What was a significant cause of the Cold War's end according to Comrade W. Baka?
Societys rejection of communist policies.
Card 323
How did American businesses change in the 1990s?
They improved cost-cutting and profitability, reducing U.S. inflation.
Card 324
How did the Hispanic and Asian populations change by 2000?
Hispanic population became the largest minority; Asian population exceeded 4%.
Card 325
What was the Bush v. Gore decision's effect?
The recount was halted due to Equal Protection Clause concerns.
Card 326
What was the economic state of the U.S. by late 2016?
The economy added 15 million jobs, and the unemployment rate fell to 4.6 percent.
Card 327
What were Trump's campaign slogans and tools?
'Make America Great Again', Twitter, and large rallies.
Card 328
What conclusion did Hackett reach about freedom in the U.S.?
That freedom is maintained by diverse traditions, and the threat comes from those opposing this diversity.
Card 329
How did Ronald Reagan become a significant political figure by 1976?
Reagan gained prominence as a political speaker in the 1964 Goldwater campaign.
Card 330
What role did the Civil Rights Movement play for African Americans?
It opened up middle-class opportunities but highlighted disparities in incarceration rates.
Card 331
How did John Paul II contribute to the end of communism in Eastern Europe?
John Paul II supported anti-communist movements in Eastern Europe.
Card 332
What did Comrade Rakowski recognize about the Polish situation?
He noted a disconnection from the masses and expected upheavals.
Card 333
What record did the stock market achieve in the 1990s?
The stock market saw record gains of over 22%.
Card 334
What did the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 aim to do?
Reform immigration process and address undocumented immigrants.
Card 335
What was Ralph Nader's role in the 2000 election?
He possibly took votes from Gore in key states like Florida.
Card 336
How did Trump secure his victory in the 2016 election?
By winning swing states like Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, and Florida.
Card 337
What event symbolized the end of the Cold War?
The destruction of the Berlin Wall in 1989 marked the Cold War's end.
Card 338
What effect did CNN have when it became the first 24-hour all-news network in 1980?
It provided a platform for diverse views, increasing polarization.
Card 339
What was a key focus of Reagan's foreign policy?
Strengthening U.S. military presence and prestige.
Card 340
What were the effects of the U.S. offering economic assistance to Russia?
Promoted Russian economic reform post-nuclear arms reduction.
Card 341
What was the unemployment rate change from 1992 to 2000?
Unemployment fell from 7.5% in 1992 to 3.9% in 2000.
Card 342
What were the income inequality trends from 1980 to 2018?
Income inequality increased, with the wealthiest gaining a larger share.
Card 343
How did Barack Obama describe America in 2004?
He emphasized unity among different racial and ethnic groups.
Card 344
What were Trump's main domestic policy focuses during his presidency?
Tax cuts, deregulation, trade protection, and immigration control.
Card 345
How did Ronald Reagans acting career influence his political success?
Reagan's acting skills enhanced his media presence and public appeal.
Card 346
What did women achieve more of during the discussed period despite challenges?
Increased participation in the workforce and higher education rates.
Card 347
How did the Cold War tensions affect Europe, Russia, and America?
They continue to experience long-lasting effects.
Card 348
What role did the Solidarity movement play in Poland?
Led to the fall of communism in Poland.
Card 349
What major trade agreement was passed during the Clinton administration?
NAFTA was passed, creating a free-trade zone with Canada and Mexico.
Card 350
What was Clinton's relationship with political parties during his presidency?
He navigated between Republican and Democratic factions independently.
Card 351
What did the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 achieve?
It cut the corporate tax rate.
Card 352
What caused tension between federal and state priorities post-1980?
Federal solutions were questioned after the diminished Cold War focus and domestic strife.
Card 353
What challenge did former allies of the U.S. perceive about its global leadership?
A concern if U.S. leadership would be passed to others.
Card 354
What was Gorbachev's stance on military spending?
To pursue domestic reforms and negotiate arms reductions.
Card 355
How did communism's collapse impact Yugoslavia?
Triggered civil war and ethnic conflicts.
Card 356
What was the World Trade Organization's purpose?
The WTO oversaw trade agreements, enforced rules, and settled disputes.
Card 357
How was the U.S. immigrant population composed in the 2010s?
It was over 13% and a political focus for restriction.
Card 358
How did Reagans economic policies differ from previous governments?
Reagan's policies emphasized tax cuts and private sector investment unlike prior Keynesian methods.
Card 359
Who did George W. Bush defeat in the 2000 presidential election?
Democrat Al Gore.
Card 360
Who was affected by the U.S. defense spending increase during Reagan's years?
Both the U.S. military and international relations experienced major impacts.
Card 361
What was NATO's involvement in the Balkan conflicts?
Deployed troops and diplomatic efforts to end violence.
Card 362
What was the role of the G8 in global economics?
G8 controlled two-thirds of the world's wealth and were leading economic powers.
Card 363
Why was the 2012 DACA action blocked?
Lawsuits from 26 states led to partial blockage.
Card 364
What challenges arose from the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991?
The Soviet Union's collapse exposed ethnic and religious conflicts long suppressed.
Card 365
What was a major topic in debates about federal government roles post-1980?
The debate encompassed economic policies, social issues, and national security.
Card 366
What was the impact of the Iran-Iraq war on U.S. foreign policy?
U.S. policy involved the exchange of arms for hostages with conflicted parties.
Card 367
How did Eastern European countries adapt after communism's fall?
Faced challenges with economic and political reforms.
Card 368
What challenge did globalization pose to workers in rich nations?
Jobs were lost to cheaper labor markets in developing countries.
Card 369
How did Clinton's welfare and budget reforms illustrate his political skills?
They required compromise and were politically nuanced.
Card 370
What domestic programs experienced cuts under Reagan?
Cuts targeted welfare programs but not Social Security or Medicare, offset by military spending.
Card 371
What was Reagan's description of the Soviet Communists?
Reagan described them as the evil empire.
Card 372
What was the economic state of Russia after communism?
Faced recession and corruption issues.
Card 373
What issues arose from the use of digital communications?
Privacy and hacking concerns emerged with digital tech and the Internet.
Card 374
What role did immigration play in the 1990s economic growth?
Immigration was key to economic growth that decade.
Card 375
What was the state of the rural and urban political divide in the 1980s?
Rural areas skewed conservative and older; urban areas skewed progressive and multicultural.
Card 376
What was the result of Gorbachev's military reforms?
Gorbachev started the pullout of Soviet troops from Afghanistan.
Card 377
Why was NATO's 1999 expansion a strain on U.S.-Russia relations?
Due to differing U.S. and Russian regional policies.
Card 378
What were some consequences of 'surveillance capitalism'?
It threatened privacy and involved data misuse by large companies.
Card 379
Who was the largest minority group in the U.S. by 2000?
Hispanics, representing 13% of the population.
Card 380
How did the Sun Belt's demographic changes affect conservatism?
Sun Belt growth bolstered Republican conservatism due to increased evangelical participation.
Card 381
What led to the sharp drop in Reagan's popularity during his presidency?
The Iran-Contra affair scandal affected his popularity.
Card 382
What role did ethnic divisions play in Yugoslavia's conflicts?
Inflamed tensions and led to 'ethnic cleansing'.
Card 383
What was a notable trend in U.S. homeownership in the 1990s?
Homeownership rose to 67.4% during the 1990s.
Card 384
How did the wealthy increase their financial opportunities?
Through investments and financial mechanisms.
Card 385
How did the release of American hostages benefit Reagans administration?
Reagan's presidency began positively with the release of 52 American hostages.
Card 386
How did the Cold War end impact historians' perspectives on Reagan and Gorbachev?
Historians credit both leaders for ending the Cold War differently.
Card 387
What were the methods used to end ethnic cleansing in the Balkans?
Diplomatic negotiation and military intervention.
Card 388
What did some scholars and political leaders express concern about?
High wealth inequality threatened democracy.
Card 389
What strategy did Reagan promote to enhance economic prosperity?
Reagan advocated lower taxes and reduced regulation for economic growth.
Card 390
What did Reagan hope to achieve by building new weapons systems?
To strengthen U.S. military capability and global position.
Card 391
How did the elections in Poland impact the Soviet Union?
Fueled reforms and independence movements.
Card 392
What legislation gave preferences to potential immigrants in 1965?
The Immigration and Nationality Act ended racial quotas.
Card 393
What effects did tax cuts have on different income groups under Reagan?
Tax cuts primarily benefited the wealthy, with limited impact trickling down to lower-income groups.
Card 394
How did George Kennan influence U.S. policy during the Cold War?
Kennan's containment policy guided the U.S. without triggering a world war.
Card 395
What reforms did Boris Yeltsin attempt?
Democracy and free-market economy.
Card 396
What was the financial status of Hispanic families in 2000?
The median income was $35,054.
Card 397
What characterized the decline in the American lifespan post-1980?
Economic downturns, drug use, and life expectancy decline marked the post-1980 era.
Card 398
What was the Commonwealth of Independent States?
A confederation formed by Russia and former Soviet republics.